Soñar el Futuro. Los Océanos
Los océanos son esenciales para la vida en la tierra además de ser los responsables del clima en el planeta. Pero estamos maltratando a nuestros océanos, sobrepesca, contaminación, calentamiento y la acidificación son algunos de los problemas a los que se enfrentan las aguas del planeta. Los científicos ya están desarrollando nuevas tecnologías que nos permitan cuidar mejor de los océanos de la tierra y ya existen proyectos que van desde la regeneración del coral a la creación de presas flotantes que eliminen residuos. El calentamiento global y la consecuente subida del nivel de los mar hace que no sean pocos los que imaginan ciudades marinas con modelos que van desde rascacielos enteramente sumergidos en el agua a ciudades flotantes.
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00:00Welcome to our channel.
00:12If you are new here, please, remember to subscribe, like, and share our videos.
00:20Since the night of time, the oceans have fascinated us and attracted us.
00:33They cover almost 70% of the surface of our planet,
00:37hide countless secrets and constitute the largest biodiversity reserve in the world.
00:43Our future depends on the balance of the oceans.
00:47This is the heart of the climate and the biodiversity of the Earth,
00:51more than that even, it is the heart, the veins and the whole circulatory system.
01:02Without the oceans we could not survive.
01:05And now is the time that we must find a way to protect them.
01:12We have a huge influence over the sea and it is a mainly negative influence.
01:18As the sea is immense, that influence is revealed little by little,
01:22but now we see how everything increases rapidly.
01:26The oceans are heating up, they are polluted,
01:29and marine species disappear at a rate that has no precedent in the history of humanity.
01:34What will they look like in the future?
01:38Will we have found a solution to continue exploring them
01:42and benefiting from their wealth of resources, preserving them at the same time?
01:53For each problem we have 10, 20 solutions.
01:57What is really needed is willpower, vision and courage.
02:02For me, creating a bridge to the abysses
02:05is crucial for the survival of humanity.
02:09Our ultimate goal is to have coral reefs in good condition,
02:13and the faster we make decisions, the better.
02:16Aquaculture is going to change the landscape
02:19because we will always need fish, but we will no longer go looking for it at sea.
02:26With the current technology,
02:28it is possible to sensitize and inform the public in a much more attractive way.
02:33The ideal for us would be that all children in the world could dive virtually.
02:39The ocean has always been a place where we project our dreams.
02:43In fact, according to Aristotle, there were three types of men.
02:48The living, the dead and those who are at sea.
02:53It was in the Pacific more than a century ago
02:56where the first people of the sea ventured further and further into the ocean.
03:00But we also dreamed of discovering its depths.
03:03In the 4th century BC, Alexander the Great dived 10 meters
03:07with a kind of barrel full of air.
03:10And while we thought of ways to explore the seabed,
03:13the conquest continued on the surface.
03:16In the year 900, the Vikings crossed the ocean to Greenland.
03:20Later, the great expeditions of the 15th century
03:23opened new horizons.
03:25Meanwhile, in 1535, the Italian Guglielmo de Lorena
03:28invented a diving bell that allowed him to be under water for an hour.
03:32In 1620, the Dutchman Vervel tested the precursor of the submarine
03:36in the Thames just below the surface.
03:39In the 18th century, our exploration dreams became bigger.
03:43Authentic oceanographic expeditions were organized.
03:46And so, in 1768, James Cook set out to explore the world.
03:50The ocean became a subject of scientific research.
03:53Throughout the 19th century, ships sailed the seas
03:56collecting all kinds of information and marine specimens
03:59unknown to this day.
04:01The 20th century brought the era of submarine exploration.
04:04In 1925, thanks to the Meteor ship,
04:07the first map of the ocean floor was drawn.
04:10Now we already knew where to explore.
04:13In the 1930s, the British and the English
04:16discovered bioluminescent creatures from another world
04:19at a depth of more than 900 meters.
04:22And when there was nothing left to discover on land,
04:25the sea became the last frontier of humanity.
04:28In 1960, in a batiscafo designed by his father,
04:31the explorer Jacques Piccard,
04:34he descended to a depth of 10,916 meters
04:37in the Mariana Trench,
04:40the deepest in the world.
04:43Throughout the century,
04:46marine adventurers have captivated the imagination of the whole world.
04:49And every time a man ventures into it,
04:52the ocean always gives him a surprise.
04:55Beyond any technological advance,
04:58by virtue of what magic spell
05:01can we live freely and forever under the sea?
05:07I fantasize that people can take a walk
05:10under the water as they do in a forest.
05:13A combination of apnea and submarinism,
05:16maintaining the simplicity of the apnea
05:19and enjoying at the same time the freedom
05:22and the infinite time that we could be under the water.
05:35It's absolutely fascinating to think
05:38that 10 or 100 meters from the shore
05:41awaits the unknown, where nobody arrives.
05:44I think it's a mysterious source of attraction.
05:47We have a very strong bond with the water.
05:55So, in 2050 we will have discovered
05:58the strength of this bond
06:01and we will all be inhabitants of the sea?
06:04The submersibles of the pocket
06:07But in the future, these technological solutions
06:10may be within everyone's reach.
06:13Will we take our submarine,
06:16as we now take the car and go out to conquer the seas?
06:23Technology is our armor.
06:26It allows us to go beyond
06:29our physical limitations,
06:32either to explore them or to live in them.
06:35The movement towards the oceans
06:38is the continuation of this desire,
06:41of our capacity and of our irrepressible will
06:44to free ourselves from the biological yoke
06:47with which we were born.
06:50From 20,000 underwater travel wells
06:53to the Sea Orbiter oceanic station
06:56of the architect Jacques Rougerie,
06:59based on the experiments of submarine homes
07:02is something that has never lost its appeal.
07:32We will go to see what happens
07:35in the great oceanic depths.
07:38We will have small colonies,
07:41more or less what is intended to be done on Mars.
07:44And if I let my imagination fly,
07:47I think of a child
07:50sitting on his father's knees
07:53and looking at him and asking him,
07:56Father, is it true that there used to be people up there?
08:02Marine habitats unleash the imagination
08:05of architects looking for a solution
08:08to the lack of space on Earth.
08:11According to some, the cities of 2050 will go to sea.
08:14Others go even further and dream of colonizing the depths.
08:22The architects of the Japanese firm Shimizu Corporation
08:25want to be the first to build a submarine city
08:28for 2030 with the sole objective
08:31of ensuring the survival of the human species.
08:34His Ocean Spiral project relies on all the potential
08:37of the deep ocean to be completely autonomous.
08:43My name is Masaki Takeuchi
08:46and I am 58 years old.
08:53When the population reaches 10 billion inhabitants,
08:56it will not be just a matter of space.
09:00We will have to think in terms of energy supplies,
09:03water and food.
09:06And I think the ocean can provide us with all that.
09:12At the top of the structure,
09:15a 500-meter-diameter floating sphere
09:18will accommodate more than 4,000 people.
09:21This residential area will include hotels, offices, apartments
09:24and scientific research laboratories.
09:29It is a sphere.
09:32It is not necessary to activate the electric ventilation.
09:35Thanks to the temperature of the ocean,
09:38a downward cold air current
09:41is created along the wall.
09:44In the center, the heat from the homes
09:47generates an upward current,
09:50so the air circulates without problems.
09:53And as part of the structure protrudes from the surface,
09:56it can be renovated frequently.
10:00We will be able to recreate the cycle of days
10:03and the cycle of seasons
10:06thanks to computerized management
10:09of both temperature,
10:12air and light.
10:15This will create a better environment for the inhabitants.
10:22Japanese architects and engineers
10:25are taking this pharaonic project of 20 billion euros
10:28very seriously.
10:31They have been doing constant calculations and simulations for more than two years.
10:35One of the challenges is to make plexiglass panels
10:38more than 50 meters wide,
10:41capable of withstanding enormous pressures.
10:44To achieve this, they have contacted another Japanese company,
10:47Nippura, world leader in the manufacture of walls for giant aquariums.
10:51My name is Yasuhiro Shikiyama,
10:54I am 55 years old.
11:14Mr. Takeuchi came to see me with a very special request.
11:17He wanted transparent windows
11:20three meters thick.
11:23Until that moment,
11:26the thickest panels
11:29we had made for aquariums
11:32were 75 centimeters.
11:35Now we were asked
11:38a thickness that was
11:41more than three times that.
11:44We have acquired an experience
11:47that has allowed us
11:50not to make a single block,
11:53but to join finer panels
11:56to achieve the desired thickness.
12:02In the process,
12:05we try to reduce the deformations to the maximum
12:08so that the block remains as homogeneous as possible.
12:11In addition,
12:14we treat it so that it can resist
12:17and remain transparent
12:20for many decades.
12:29Below the sphere,
12:32a long spiral of 15 kilometers
12:35goes down to the visal plateau,
12:38which will be used to transport structure,
12:41but also to transport people,
12:44electricity, materials and water.
12:47In smaller spheres,
12:50there will be electric power plants.
12:53These will supply the city
12:56using sea thermal energy,
12:59that is, taking advantage of the temperature differences
13:02between the water close to the surface
13:05of the sea.
13:12The abysses have a lot to offer,
13:15in addition to oil.
13:18They have great potential
13:21in terms of energy sources,
13:24the use of the biosphere and nutrients.
13:27And an exploitation of these resources
13:30would have a lower impact on the environment.
13:34It is worth imagining, for example,
13:37the extraction of mineral resources
13:40or the use of bacteria to absorb CO2.
13:43And all this in a reasonable
13:46and perfectly sustainable way.
13:52The abysses are the last border of our planet.
13:55Less than 5% of the ocean floor
13:58has been explored to date.
14:01This dark, rich, but fragile environment,
14:04which we know less than the lunar surface,
14:07is now presented as a promise.
14:10Its reserves of raw materials and energy resources
14:13present new challenges.
14:19Of the thousands of sediment samples
14:22that have been collected all these years,
14:25the Japanese oceanographers are particularly interested
14:28in microorganisms that live in the seabed.
14:31Capable of converting CO2 into methane,
14:34these microorganisms could be
14:37doubly useful for us.
14:40They would allow us to capture
14:43part of the carbon we emit
14:46and supply us with a new source of energy.
14:49For me, the Ocean Spiral project
14:52is not just a technological challenge.
14:55It is a challenge with respect to the environment
15:01and the invention of an entire economic system.
15:07To build this system,
15:10the ocean can offer us immense resources.
15:13It is a wonderful reserve of blue energy
15:16that we have just begun to exploit.
15:21The algae help us to produce new biofuels
15:24that are respectful of the environment.
15:27We are innovating all over the world
15:30to make the most of the wind,
15:33currents, tides and waves.
15:36Thanks to renewable marine energies,
15:39we could drastically reduce our CO2 emissions
15:42and see how the dream of a blue society
15:45much more respectful of the balance of the planet comes true.
15:48Today, fortunately,
15:51the investment in renewable energies
15:54far exceeds the investment in fossil fuels.
15:57We are facing a new industrial model.
16:00The political world is beginning to become aware,
16:03as is the economic world.
16:06If the two come to an agreement,
16:09there is no doubt that this model will succeed.
16:13In 2050, consolidating our relationship with the sea
16:16will inevitably mean protecting marine ecosystems,
16:20starting with coral reefs,
16:23which are extremely sensitive to environmental changes.
16:29To protect them,
16:32we must first understand these complex ecosystems.
16:35These tiny animal colonies
16:38are the largest builders in the world,
16:41responsible for the largest living structures.
16:44Extraordinary and colorful underwater cities,
16:47which make up 70% of marine biodiversity.
16:50They serve as a nursery for millions of albinos,
16:53as a nocturnal refuge for numerous species
16:56and as a pantry for many others.
16:59And that's not all.
17:02By breaking the waves,
17:05the reefs protect the coast from erosion.
17:08Hundreds of millions of people also depend on them directly.
17:11But today, fishing, tourism
17:14and the acidity of the water are causing coral reefs
17:17to turn white and die at an alarming rate.
17:2025% of these reefs are in danger of extinction.
17:23And if we don't do anything,
17:26another 25% will be threatened in 2050.
17:33The first thing to do
17:36is to assess their health as soon as possible.
17:39In Curaçao, in the Caribbean,
17:42researchers from the Max Planck Institute of Marine Biology
17:45are testing the prototype of a new instrument
17:48capable of measuring exhaustively
17:51and automatically analyzing the state of the reefs
17:54faster than it has been done so far.
17:58It's a unique ecosystem,
18:01which we don't know much about yet.
18:04We are constantly discovering new things.
18:08My name is Josh Denhan.
18:11I'm 33 years old.
18:14My ultimate dream is that we are able
18:17to successfully protect coral reefs.
18:31We have to protect coral reefs as soon as possible.
18:34And it all starts with field studies.
18:37It's a process that takes a long time
18:40because we can't spend our lives underwater.
18:43And once on the surface,
18:46we have to select the images, the videos
18:49and all the notes we have taken.
18:52It may take hours just to know
18:55what state the reef is in.
18:58But with climate change,
19:01we have to be able to analyze the coral reefs
19:04as quickly as possible.
19:07To speed up the research,
19:10Josh has an idea for a new instrument
19:13that combines artificial intelligence
19:16and digitalization in real time
19:19and is able to analyze everything in the reef,
19:22the HyperDiver.
19:25Our ultimate goal is to have coral reefs in good condition.
19:29My name is Arjun Chennu.
19:32I'm 31 years old.
19:35I believe that we all want to have oceans in good condition
19:38and if we work together, we will achieve it.
19:47The human eye is only sensitive
19:50to three bands of the light spectrum.
19:53It perceives mainly the red, green and blue light waves.
19:56Classic cameras only capture those three colors
19:59and everything else, the rest of the information,
20:02is wasted.
20:05Therefore, if one wonders what can be done better,
20:08the answer is simple.
20:11It is enough not to waste all that bright information.
20:14And that is why we have conceived HyperDiver.
20:17The main element of HyperDiver
20:20is a hyperspectral camera capable of taking images
20:23in all wavelengths of the visible spectrum
20:26as well as in ultraviolet and near infrared.
20:29This camera allows us to measure at once
20:32and with extreme precision the luminous signatures
20:35of all the elements that make up the reef
20:38to better identify them.
20:41To do justice to the HyperDiver,
20:44it is not just a camera.
20:47It is a real submarine laboratory.
20:50Its sensors indicate the distance
20:53between the target and the seabed
20:56and the exact depth at which it sails.
20:59Thanks to that, we can scan the reliefs of the reef
21:02and get a topographic profile.
21:05We also include chemical sensors
21:08to determine the oxygen levels
21:11and the pH of the water.
21:14And all that at once.
21:18It is as if we took an instant of the entire ecology of the reef.
21:25That is the 9-meter line.
21:28This must be where the line begins.
21:32If the HyperDiver has an amazing efficiency underwater,
21:35on the surface, its digital brain reveals
21:38its extraordinary potential.
21:41What is this large area?
21:44Stop there for a minute and let's see it up close.
21:48This is a Coral Madracis.
21:51The HyperDiver still does not know it very well.
21:54Okay, I'll mark it.
21:57The HyperDiver has the ability
22:00to learn by itself.
22:03Once the research is done,
22:06we compare the images scanned with the video.
22:09If the program still does not know an organism,
22:12we have to teach it that.
22:15The HyperDiver is like a brain.
22:18Basically, it's like a child.
22:21These two correspond.
22:24Look at the spectrum of this coral.
22:27It has a great absorption and the curve goes down.
22:30Exactly.
22:33There are many pigments.
22:36It is in good condition.
22:40We create a small database
22:43in which we put all the human knowledge
22:46about corals.
22:49This knowledge allows the computer program
22:52to learn and identify the different organisms,
22:55associating empirical knowledge with the light spectrum.
22:58The great thing is that
23:01the more indications we give it about the nature of what it sees,
23:04the faster it identifies it by itself.
23:07The more information we give it about the coral,
23:10the smarter and more universal it becomes.
23:14The program can then identify
23:17the organisms of a reef autonomously.
23:20It will analyze only the images,
23:23images that have not been touched,
23:26and it will offer us detailed and complete information.
23:31When the HyperDiver is able to analyze
23:34the reefs of the world without help,
23:37it will be the largest database on coral reefs.
23:40In the future, we will have direct access
23:43to all this information in our diving team.
23:46In this way, we will be able to take the pulse
23:49of the reefs and the oceans in real time,
23:52area by area.
23:55This information will allow us to react as quickly as possible
23:58to better preserve the species
24:01I think the biggest challenge is to understand
24:04the complexity of things.
24:07We try to oversimplify everything,
24:10we let ourselves be led by excessive optimism
24:13or by permanent pessimism,
24:16when what we need are more moderate answers.
24:22The evolution of the oceans is a slow process,
24:25thousands of years in stages.
24:28We have caused an overheating of the system,
24:31it has accelerated and the change is deep,
24:34sudden and abrupt.
24:37To reverse this bad trend,
24:40there is only one solution and it is radical.
24:43We must stop our carbon dioxide emissions.
24:58Today, on a global scale,
25:01we consume an average of more than 20 kilos of fish
25:04per inhabitant per year.
25:07For one in ten people,
25:10it is the only source of animal protein.
25:13It is the only source of animal protein
25:16in the world.
25:19It is the only source of animal protein
25:22in the world.
25:25For one in ten people,
25:28it is the only source of animal protein.
25:31Fishing has become a giant industry
25:34that exploits more and more resources
25:37that we thought were inexhaustible.
25:40In 50 years,
25:43fish reserves have been reduced by half.
25:46Fishing with a pole
25:49unfolds 1,400 million hooks a year.
25:52There are trawling vessels
25:55that cast nets of 23,000 square meters,
25:58the size of four football fields.
26:01They can surround 13 Jumbo jets
26:04or, more commonly,
26:07500 tons of fish.
26:10At this rate,
26:13we will be able to catch
26:16as many fish as we want.
26:20At this rate,
26:23soon there will be nothing left to fish.
26:26We can extract all the resources we want
26:29from wherever we want,
26:32using military technology
26:35to catch the fish that have nowhere to hide.
26:38The war is won.
26:41We have to set limits again.
26:44For example,
26:4730 years ago we had agreements
26:50not to fish in the middle of the oceans
26:53and we fished more than now.
26:56Wouldn't it be worth going back to a point
26:59where we fished more?
27:02To get back to that point,
27:05we have to respect the quotas,
27:08the size of the fish,
27:11the species and the fishing areas.
27:14The order in high seas
27:17is the dream of the British NGO
27:20with its project Eyes on the Sea.
27:2323 million tons of fish are fished every year.
27:26That would be the figure corresponding
27:29to the fishing that could be illegal,
27:32which would mean one out of every five fish.
27:35My name is Tony Long
27:38and I direct the NGO's campaign
27:41Our mission is to provide reliable information
27:44to the port authorities around the world.
27:47They need to know why a ship enters a port
27:50and where it has gone to fish.
27:53It is also important for the minorities.
27:56They now know where their suppliers are going to fish
27:59and they can help eliminate illegal fishing from the market.
28:02What are the fishing boats?
28:05Who is allowed to fish and who is not?
28:08The information has to be centralized.
28:12With Project Eyes on the Sea,
28:15we are putting all this data together
28:18in a single computer system
28:21that analyzes and combines them.
28:24Its calculation speed allows the analysts
28:27to transmit the information they need in seconds
28:30instead of in hours.
28:33They spend less time analyzing data
28:36For example, the software automatically discovers
28:39a shipment of goods in the sea
28:42as well as when a ship entrusts its fishing to another
28:45to stay at sea.
28:48The movements of a ship allow us to know
28:51what kind of fishing it is doing.
28:54By its behavior, we know if a fishing boat
28:57transmits false information to mask its true activity.
29:00We can see, for example, if a certain maneuver
29:03the algorithm then learns to recognize
29:06those behaviors wherever.
29:09The learning of the system is therefore an essential part
29:12in its ability to indicate to analysts
29:15the different suspicious behaviors as quickly as possible.
29:19In a decade,
29:22with the political support of the countries involved,
29:25these systems will be determining
29:28for the oceans.
29:33It is a common good.
29:36It is the great common good.
29:39So the solution can only be political.
29:42We will have to agree
29:45at least to exploit, let's say, 5% of the oceans
29:48and turn the rest into a sanctuary.
29:51It is a resource that we need at all levels.
29:54At the moment, only 3% of the oceans are protected.
29:57The goal is to reach 10%
30:00by 2020.
30:03To restore the natural environment
30:06and allow sustainable development of the ocean,
30:09it is essential to protect new maritime areas.
30:12Something similar to what happened with the Ross Sea in Antarctica,
30:15the largest marine surface that has achieved that category
30:18after years of negotiations.
30:21In the Pacific, the United States has granted the sanctuary category
30:24to an area of more than 1.5 million square kilometers.
30:27Protected marine areas have an advantage.
30:30They produce excesses.
30:33When fish are left alone, they reproduce well
30:36and everything goes on wheels.
30:39Those excesses will allow to feed a peripheral fishing.
30:42That is the model to be aspired to.
30:45A well-managed small-scale fishing around protected areas
30:48would preserve the habitats.
30:51It would not be necessary to resort to destructive systems
30:55Would that be enough to provide fish
30:58affordable to 9 million people in the future?
31:01Half of the fish we eat already comes from aquaculture.
31:04Is aquaculture the magic solution?
31:07From Europe to Asia,
31:10aquaculture is expanding its geometric forms
31:13on the surface of the seas.
31:16But in its own way, marine aquaculture is also participating
31:19in the depletion of reserves.
31:22Most of the fish feed on other fish
31:25and when it comes to breeding predators, the numbers are alarming.
31:28These beasts, these lions that we put in the water
31:31have to feed on lambs.
31:34You need 4 kilos of fish, sardines,
31:37to produce a kilo of salmon.
31:40With tuna, that figure is multiplied by 20.
31:43That is, we use 20 kilos of sardines
31:46to get a kilo of tuna.
31:49The red tuna that we feed in the Mediterranean
31:52goes to Japan because of the high prices.
31:55We have a food security problem
31:58because our economy in general is oriented towards luxury
32:01so we have a problem of distribution and ecological equality.
32:04Marine aquaculture also has an impact on the environment.
32:07Corrals, normally swampy,
32:10are built near the coast.
32:13The circulation of the water is not enough
32:16for the waste that accumulates as sediments in the seabed.
32:19This generates contamination and contagious diseases
32:22that can affect wild species.
32:25In Mexico, a new type of aquaculture
32:28tries to reach both goals,
32:31to raise fish without contaminating the oceans and without exhausting them,
32:34and all with just moving away from the coast.
32:40We believe that it is a more sustainable way
32:43to raise fish in the sea.
32:50My name is Pablo Konietzko, I am 46 years old
32:53and I dedicate myself to sustainable aquaculture
32:56to contribute to the wealth of the oceans.
33:03We want to go deeper into the sea,
33:06which means getting closer to where most species of fish live.
33:09The further away from the coast, the better
33:12and more pristine the water will be.
33:16Benefiting from stronger currents, better water quality,
33:19and above all that it renews faster than in a protected bay,
33:22is what guarantees us a fish in an excellent state,
33:25as if it were in a wild state.
33:34When I get under the water,
33:37the first thing I see is this planet,
33:40this gigantic sphere,
33:43this aquarium full of fish,
33:46both inside and outside,
33:49because the structure attracts wild species
33:52from the surroundings like a magnet.
33:58Once inside the sphere,
34:01you are surrounded by fish,
34:04which is more beautiful,
34:07it is a fabulous experience.
34:13At the height of a five-story building,
34:16the aquapods are cages perfectly adapted
34:19to the conditions of the high seas.
34:22With a volume of 4,700 cubic meters,
34:25they have a capacity for 60,000 fish.
34:28The triangular steel panels of which are composed
34:31contribute to the solidity of the structure.
34:34They are very resistant structures.
34:37They have already been subjected to hurricanes of category 2, 3 and 4,
34:40and they have resisted.
34:43They are tested on predators such as sea lions, seals,
34:46sharks and other animals that could attack the fish.
34:51My name is David Kelly,
34:54and I dream of a sustainable, scalable aquaculture
34:57and always respectful of the environment.
35:04The best thing about the aquapod is its ability
35:07to change its floatability and thus go up and down
35:10in the water column.
35:13It can be on the surface for supply,
35:16but also submerged during the feeding and growth stages,
35:19since deep down the current is much weaker
35:22and the fish are not subjected to the energy on the surface.
35:26I think the most important thing is to respect the environment.
35:29We must reduce the density
35:32so that the fish can swim,
35:35have good health and grow as they should
35:38with a good diet.
35:41And so far, with the currents and the tides,
35:44we have not had sediments in the seabed of our concession.
35:51You see? That's it.
35:54Something that excites us a lot is to get the real-time analysis
35:57of the data provided by the aquapod.
36:00It will allow us to know more about the temperature of the water,
36:03its content in dissolved oxygen,
36:06the variations of the currents and the conditions in situ.
36:09The crew will know what will be found before leaving the coast.
36:12This data will also help us monitor the growth of the fish
36:15to better understand the characteristics of each species.
36:18We will be able to operate from the surface
36:21without having to dive.
36:27We give priority to species
36:30with a low proportion of food conversion.
36:33We want to achieve a one-on-one performance.
36:36It is undoubtedly our goal.
36:39A fish that comes in for each one that comes out.
36:46A sustainable approach that this marine farm has decided to reinforce
36:49is the use of the aquapods.
36:52The aquapods are a great source of energy
36:55and the marine farm has decided to reinforce
36:58by raising an endemic species of fish from this region of the Pacific
37:01and in danger of extinction, the totoaba.
37:08We participate in a repopulation program
37:11together with the government and several scientific institutions.
37:14Every year we release a few fish.
37:17In this way, part of our alevines production
37:20returns to the Cortez Sea.
37:26The Cortez Sea was named
37:29as the aquarium of the world by Jacques Cousteau.
37:32I would like
37:35that no more species disappear.
37:38And I would like
37:41to end the overfishing
37:44once and for all.
37:47Because it only serves to empty the oceans.
37:50Following the stele of the Earth Ocean Farm,
37:53the marine farms of the future will integrate
37:56all the technological advances in the wings
37:59of a healthier and more sustainable aquaculture.
38:02An example is Half Farm,
38:05a Norwegian farm project that will soon see the light.
38:08This giant of the seas, 430 meters long,
38:11will be as large as the current largest container ships.
38:14It will have a capacity of 10,000 tons of salmon
38:17or 2 million fish.
38:20Beyond aquaculture,
38:23innovation is reaching all marine areas.
38:26The maritime transport sector is being reinvented
38:29to be more respectful of the environment.
38:32In the coming decades,
38:35both goods and passengers
38:38will cross the oceans on board new types of ships,
38:41unmanned ships, ships powered by solar energy
38:44or, why not, a new type of sailboat.
38:47The wind can be considered
38:50almost a certainty, no matter how much time changes.
38:53It is possible to imagine any scenario,
38:56but there will always be wind, so why not take advantage of it?
38:59Obviously, it will be necessary to ensure
39:02that the aerodynamics of ships and all means of transport
39:05is as efficient as possible
39:08so that it consumes the least amount of energy.
39:11The shape of the cargo ships of the future will be more stealthy.
39:14Some projects that are already in their testing phase
39:17try to make the hull act as a sail to propel the ship.
39:20Others dream of sending merchant submarines
39:23on underwater missions.
39:26All technological tracks are being followed
39:29to replace our current fleet, which pollutes too much.
39:45And speaking of pollution,
39:48have we found a way to free the ocean from all the plastic?
39:55Most of the garbage we produce
39:58ends up in the middle of huge oceanic turns.
40:01And since plastic takes a long time to degrade,
40:04it breaks into small pieces
40:07that finally enter the food chain.
40:10With the waste, it usually happens that
40:13more than 150 million tons of plastic waste
40:16are floating in the oceans.
40:19That amount could have doubled in 2050.
40:22Every minute that passes,
40:25the equivalent of a garbage truck is thrown into the ocean.
40:30These large floating dumps
40:33occupy several hundred thousand square kilometers.
40:36The waste forms a kind of plastic soup
40:39so thick and so large
40:42that even a chimera would want to eat it.
40:45It is obvious that the best solution
40:48would be not to throw our waste into the oceans.
40:51In addition, many countries have the means to solve it.
40:54But there are other remedies,
40:57such as betting on biodegradable plastics.
41:00This way, when the waste reaches the water,
41:03it would degrade much faster than the plastics
41:06we have been using for many years,
41:10We can also imagine containers
41:13that can be consumed by marine life.
41:16At the same time, projects are being created
41:19to collect the waste wherever they are.
41:22One of the most spectacular is the Ocean Clean Up.
41:25Its goal is to clean all the oceans
41:28through floating dams 2 kilometers long.
41:31Placed so that they are at the height of ocean currents,
41:34these dams will attract plastic waste
41:37and consume more energy.
41:40But no one of these initiatives
41:43seems to be able to deal with the magnitude of the problem.
41:46However, they have the merit of making us aware
41:49that our future is closely linked to that of the oceans.
41:56In order to find a good balance,
41:59in 2050 people's mentality will have to change.
42:03To reach the largest number of people,
42:06starting with the youngest,
42:09the evolution of new technologies can help us.
42:12Real-time interaction from the bottom of the sea,
42:15augmented reality and virtual reality,
42:18everything is ready to immerse us in the oceans.
42:26In Australia, two enthusiasts of underwater photography
42:29are the precursors of this trend.
42:32To make people more and more aware,
42:35they have taken the Google Street View platform underwater.
42:42Thanks to their images, which already have millions of visits,
42:45we are all on a click to enjoy
42:48extraordinary virtual immersions.
42:52My name is Christophe Bailas.
42:55I'm 46 years old and I'm fully convinced
42:58that people will soon become aware
43:01of how closely connected we are to the oceans.
43:12When we started, we just wanted to show the oceans
43:15from a new perspective.
43:19So we came up with an underwater version
43:22of the Google Street View,
43:25something that had never been tried before.
43:28So, a view from above.
43:31Oh, yeah, fantastic.
43:34Right in the middle.
43:37Oh, yes.
43:40Wait, let me just put it together.
43:48We always thought that the oceans
43:51were too big to be threatened.
43:54Now we realize that they are dying.
43:57However, the difference between what the public perceives
44:00and the reality is enormous.
44:03You can't protect what you can't see.
44:06And 99.9% of people don't do underwater photography.
44:09I'm Richard Beavers. I'm 47 years old.
44:12I believe that the image
44:15is critical to protect the oceans.
44:27We're not taught much about the oceans in school.
44:30So, people are completely disconnected
44:33from this universe.
44:36So, if we conform to explain the situation to them,
44:39that's not going to transmit anything to them.
44:42So, what I'm trying to say is that
44:45it's a way of exploring the seabed virtually.
44:57They have developed their own underwater camera.
45:00Three synchronized cameras
45:03take the images that are later assembled
45:06as panoramic views of 360 degrees.
45:09With these underwater scooters,
45:12this camera allows them to record more than two kilometers
45:15in each dive.
45:18Every time we dive,
45:21we take more than 1,000 panoramic images with this camera.
45:24So, you can really quickly see the magnitude
45:27of our project and the amount of material
45:30that we can gather and then share
45:33about this incredible ecosystem.
45:39Now, we find ourselves
45:42in an unprecedented situation
45:45because we have the only recording
45:48in virtual reality of the ocean.
45:51600,000 images taken in 26 countries.
45:54These dreamers propose to go a little further
45:57and offer increasingly immersive experiences.
46:00Let's go there.
46:03It's a perfect image for the
46:07I'm thinking that we should create
46:10a pedagogical workshop
46:13only about stingrays.
46:16Without a doubt.
46:19There's so much to say, right?
46:22A threatened species, the least known
46:25and at the same time so emblematic.
46:28There's a lot to say.
46:31This image would be perfect for a virtual reality helmet.
46:34The point here is that 30, 40 or 50 people
46:37can live the same experience at the same time.
46:46It's incredible.
46:49Well, let's see.
46:52I can't even talk.
46:55So, you guys are in a place called Lighthouse Bumi.
46:58So, what do you think
47:01about this?
47:04Can you see the mark on the belly?
47:07It's got a V.
47:10So, it's a V-shape.
47:13So, it's a V-shape.
47:16So, it's a V-shape.
47:19So, I can see all of you guys
47:22looking at the V of Venus.
47:25It's like this technology
47:28that would have been invented
47:31for underwater exploration.
47:34Just look up to see the fish swimming around you
47:37and look down to admire the coral reefs.
47:40It's a total immersion
47:43and, in my view, it's the best way to feel
47:46what it's like to be underwater.
47:51Once you've aroused people's curiosity
47:54you can get to the heart of the matter.
47:57You can tackle issues that usually
48:00don't have media coverage.
48:27Ideally, we would want
48:30all the kids in the world
48:33to be able to dive virtually
48:36so that they can awaken their vocation
48:39and become the next generation of conservationists
48:42because they can do a much better job
48:45than we can to conserve the oceans.
48:48And instead of telling the same negative things
48:51about the oceans, that we're losing the fish,
48:54that we're losing the coral reefs,
48:57in 50 years I'm convinced
49:00that we'll only hear positive things.
49:25NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
49:28California Institute of Technology