The Most Evil Men in History is a full-length documentary that takes you on an in-depth journey through the bowels of hell, revealing the truth - plain and painful as it ever was about our past, looking at the most horrific evils ever committed by some of the most infamous historical figures for various reasons, including despotism, cannibalism, genocide, and too many atrocities to imagine. They are considered some of history's most vile and appalling figures.
From the 1st century AD to the present day, evil is a fact of life. We can see it not only in the reigns of Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler but also in everyday crimes like rape and assault, quite apart from the millions of lives brutalized by political or religious oppression, poverty, disease, and starvation.
One factor unites all these infamous figures and the evil acts they committed: they all had unlimited power over the people whose lives they controlled. Their reigns of terror cover a time span of nearly 2,000 years, from the rule of Caligula over the Roman Empire starting in 37 AD to the mass killings of educated Cambodians under Pol Pot during the 1980s. Motivated by power, religion, political belief, or by sadism and lust - sometimes by insanity - they have become bywords for terror.
The most evil men featured in this film:
Attila the Hun: The Storm from the East
Josef Stalin: A 20th-Century Tyrant
Idi Amin: The Butcher of East Africa
From the 1st century AD to the present day, evil is a fact of life. We can see it not only in the reigns of Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler but also in everyday crimes like rape and assault, quite apart from the millions of lives brutalized by political or religious oppression, poverty, disease, and starvation.
One factor unites all these infamous figures and the evil acts they committed: they all had unlimited power over the people whose lives they controlled. Their reigns of terror cover a time span of nearly 2,000 years, from the rule of Caligula over the Roman Empire starting in 37 AD to the mass killings of educated Cambodians under Pol Pot during the 1980s. Motivated by power, religion, political belief, or by sadism and lust - sometimes by insanity - they have become bywords for terror.
The most evil men featured in this film:
Attila the Hun: The Storm from the East
Josef Stalin: A 20th-Century Tyrant
Idi Amin: The Butcher of East Africa
Category
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TVTranscript
00:00:00In the 5th century, one man brought terror and destruction to millions across Europe.
00:00:23Attila the Hun and his bloodthirsty barbarians tortured, raped and murdered all who stood in their way.
00:00:30According to legend, they dipped their arrows in the juice of boiled embryos, drank women's blood and were descended from unclean spirits.
00:00:44Attila's ruthlessness knew no bounds. He slaughtered deserters and murdered his own brother.
00:00:53His savage Huns struck fear into the mighty Roman Empire with their brutality.
00:01:00They razed great cities to the ground and massacred whole populations in pursuit of gold.
00:01:08Christians believed he'd been sent from hell to punish sinners.
00:01:12Attila became known as the Scourge of God.
00:01:16He's different from anyone else. He is more ferocious than anyone else. He is more efficient than anyone else.
00:01:22He frightens everybody.
00:01:28From the day he was born, in 406 AD, much was expected of Attila.
00:01:34He would have grown up as a member of a large extended royal family, knowing that he was going to have to compete for power.
00:01:41The stakes were very high because if he lost, he'd probably be dead.
00:01:47Despite his privileged position, Attila experienced terror at a very young age.
00:01:52One tradition that we're told about the Huns is that the male babies, when they were born, had their cheeks slashed so that they learnt to bear pain at a very early age.
00:02:05Like all Hunnic males, he was encouraged to ride before he could walk.
00:02:12They're virtually born in the saddle, they eat in the saddle, they converse and they hold diplomatic talks whilst in the saddle.
00:02:20This is exaggerated, of course, by the ancient sources which say, get a Hun off a horse and he can't walk.
00:02:29Attila's people were feared for their violent plundering.
00:02:33They descended from Mongolia, travelled west and settled in Pannonia on the Danube, where Budapest now stands.
00:02:41Fifth century Europe was dominated by the mighty Roman Empire.
00:02:50Their relationship with the savage Huns was very fragile.
00:02:54By the time the Huns are situated on the great Hungarian plain, they are in part parasitic already on the Roman Empire in a rather different way, in the sense that they're extracting cash.
00:03:04Sometimes they're doing this through annual tributes levied from the Romans, sometimes they're getting it by serving as mercenaries in Roman armies.
00:03:15Attila grew up in a violent, merciless society where only the strong survived.
00:03:21The Huns were in a constant state of warfare with other tribes.
00:03:25There are constant tensions within the royal house as well, so his upbringing would have been pretty insecure.
00:03:35He probably would have been given his own group of warriors to lead at a very early age, probably in his teens, mid-teens, to judge by other examples.
00:03:44Whether he's really there to command or to be symbolic at that point, I think, is very debatable.
00:03:49But certainly his job at that point would have been to stand at the front and inspire courage in his warriors and also learn to face up to battle himself.
00:04:01His fearless leadership was rewarded with political power.
00:04:05Some time between 435 and 440, we have the name of Attila popping up with his brother Blader.
00:04:19And for a period, the two of them run this Hunnic group together.
00:04:25This arrangement infuriated the power-hungry Attila.
00:04:29But Blader had strong support, and for now, he had to bide his time.
00:04:33During his 20s and 30s, Attila led a series of murderous incursions into Roman territory.
00:04:43The image of the barbarian, particularly the steppe nomad barbarian, is always a bad one.
00:04:48And they're very, very dangerous militarily, and they're very frightening.
00:04:53And they've got a whole society that turns up with all its warrior males on horseback.
00:04:57This is terrifying.
00:04:58The Huns were known for their deadly lightning attacks.
00:05:04They can cover a huge amount of ground.
00:05:07They can raid deep into provinces that are unprotected, or only protected on the frontiers.
00:05:12And there's a terrible shockwave of fear right the way through Central Europe, because you never knew when these people were going to turn up on your doorstep.
00:05:20The Hunnic method of warfare is based on using the bow, and Attila is associated with the Hunnic bow.
00:05:30They could fire arrows standing up on horseback and kill a man at 150 metres.
00:05:36A Hunnic attack was the medieval equivalent of the Blitzkrieg.
00:05:42The Huns were able, therefore, to stand outside the range of most of their enemies, shower them with arrows, make them rush at them.
00:05:51And the sources refer to the fact that the Huns always pretended to run away at that point.
00:05:55Then once the opponents had lost their coherence and cohesion, the Huns would then turn around and pick them off a few at a time.
00:06:05Alongside his devastating military capability, Attila created a network of informants along the Danube.
00:06:12Most of his great victories come when the Romans are otherwise engaged.
00:06:19There's clearly a grapevine which operates along the frontier.
00:06:22So he knows, for instance, in his first great campaign in 441, that the main Danubian army has been shipped to Sicily to try and recapture North Africa from the Vandals.
00:06:32And that offers him the opportunity to attack, and his victories then make his name.
00:06:37He recognized the value of a fearsome reputation.
00:06:40He uses his methods of terror to frighten people.
00:06:47Now, the way to do this is by sacking cities.
00:06:50Early on, he approaches the city of Gnosis on the Danube, and they force their way into the city, and the city is sacked.
00:06:59And a few years later, a group of Romans are travelling along, and they have to stop short of the river, because it is full of the bones of the slain.
00:07:10For Attila's savage army, life was cheap.
00:07:17The Huns had no regard for anyone else's human rights.
00:07:20We have quite a few records of what supposedly represents the comments of Hunnic leaders about Romans or about other people.
00:07:32In fact, it's very common amongst these nomads that basically have two categories.
00:07:38They have themselves as masters and everybody else as slaves.
00:07:42And slaves are entirely dispensable.
00:07:45So you're either dominant in this world or you're dominated.
00:07:48And if you're dominated, then you're completely expendable.
00:07:52They would inflict maximum casualties without any respect for human life at all, and that is a characteristic of the terrorist.
00:08:03Although he tasted victory abroad, at home, Attila was losing patience with his brother and craved absolute power.
00:08:12For many years, Attila and Blader did cooperate as leaders either of different factions of the Huns or as joint leaders of the whole lot.
00:08:21But Attila was the kind of man who had to rule alone.
00:08:26And in the end, it was going to be either Blader or him.
00:08:30Attila had his brother Blader murdered in his sleep.
00:08:35At the age of 40, he became sole leader of the Huns.
00:08:40His priority was to expand the Hunnic war machine.
00:08:44Knowing how effective a combined barbarian fighting force would be against the Romans,
00:08:49he brought together various tribal groups.
00:08:53His early years as king were spent consolidating the coalition with the Ostrogoths and the Gepids and the other subject tribes.
00:09:04Once that was done, he could start on his career of terrorising cities.
00:09:09Once he had political control over the Huns, the heavily superstitious Attila sought spiritual guidance.
00:09:18Attila would have been brought up with the Huns' own myths about their mission in life.
00:09:28Their success was due to divine guidance.
00:09:30There was one key moment when a sign from God was built into Attila's charismatic image.
00:09:38And that's when her rusty old sword was found and brought to him.
00:09:44Attila is said to have declared at this point that the gift of the sword to him from the gods showed that he was destined to conquer.
00:09:50Attila is overjoyed, this is the sword of Mars, this guarantees him victory.
00:09:57And of course he tells everybody about it.
00:09:59He wants fame.
00:10:01He wants glory.
00:10:03He wants people to be impressed.
00:10:04And while this is a means to an end, to get more power, to get more money, it is also an end in itself.
00:10:14Because honour, glory, reputation are things that every great leader wants.
00:10:22Attila now controlled the united barbarian tribes and had the gods on his side.
00:10:27He was primed to attack the superpower of the Roman Empire.
00:10:36Attila, king of the Huns, had half a million bloodthirsty barbarian warriors at his disposal.
00:10:43He began launching plunder attacks deep into the Eastern Roman Empire.
00:10:48In 446, his armies swept across the Black Sea to the Mediterranean.
00:10:53They pillaged churches, desecrated the graves of saints and slaughtered civilians.
00:11:00Attila enjoyed these apocalyptic scenes.
00:11:04He would roll his eyes in delight at the terror he inspired.
00:11:08He conquered more than a hundred cities.
00:11:11There was so much loss of life that no one could count the dead.
00:11:15But his motive for this genocide wasn't territorial.
00:11:19The leadership of the Huns relied on successful plundering expeditions.
00:11:27If they failed to draw in wealth from outside, then they failed as leaders and they were liable to be overthrown.
00:11:37He also used the threat of violence to extort money from the Romans.
00:11:41Attila was a successful war leader, somebody who could force the Romans into handing over an increasing amount of gold every year.
00:11:54We're talking about subsidies to Attila which are thrashed out by treaties.
00:11:58350 pounds of gold per year, which is doubled to 700, which is in a third treaty tripled to 2,100 pounds of gold a year.
00:12:10And that is just to keep the Huns off the back of the Romans and to keep the Huns sweet as far as these treaties are concerned.
00:12:16So what this means is Attila is the channel through which this gold is getting into the system of these Hunnic groups.
00:12:25Attila cunningly used these treaties to frighten his own people.
00:12:30Attila's cruelty towards the disloyal was his insistence that deserters should be handed back.
00:12:40This is a regular feature of the treaties that he makes with the Romans.
00:12:46And when the deserters are handed back, they are not reinstated into the Hunnic army.
00:12:51They are executed to discourage the rest.
00:12:55This policy meant that there was no point in deserting because you might get safely away.
00:13:02On the other hand, Attila would come after you.
00:13:04He'd frighten the Romans, he'd make a treaty and he'd get you back and he'd execute you horribly once he'd got you.
00:13:12Attila was a polygamist, which caused great jealousy between his wives.
00:13:19One disgruntled spouse, Gudrun, was so angry with Attila that she tricked him into eating two of his sons.
00:13:26This deception only added to his grotesque reputation, which by now had spread far and wide.
00:13:34Early Christian writers are, of course, universally appalled by the Hunts.
00:13:40He gets all sorts of titles like Flagellum Dei, you know, the scourge of God.
00:13:48Attila's image is playing in two directions.
00:13:52It's playing to the Romans.
00:13:55Basically what the Hunnic Empire does is run a large protection racket against the Roman state.
00:14:00So demanding money with menaces.
00:14:01At the same time, he also has this multi-ethnic empire to run.
00:14:07So Attila's charismatic, fear-inspiring image is partly to keep these groups in line.
00:14:16His forces, meanwhile, carried on attacking the Eastern Roman Empire.
00:14:22Attila rampaged through Greece and Eastern Europe, killing Roman citizens without mercy.
00:14:31Only halting his terrifying invasion in return for a large amount of Roman gold.
00:14:39He created so much devastation and fear that he was unopposed in the Eastern Roman Empire.
00:14:45Attila could now plan his attack on the West.
00:14:48In 450, Attila received an extraordinary offer from an unexpected source.
00:14:58Honoria, the sister of the Western Roman Emperor, was caught out having an affair with the manager of her household.
00:15:09This was a very scandalous thing for an emperor's sister to do.
00:15:12The emperor was very annoyed and he proposed to marry her off to a nice, safe minor politician.
00:15:22Honoria did not fancy that idea.
00:15:26She wanted power of her own and she is said to have contacted Attila and offered to marry him and sent him her ring as a pledge of her good faith.
00:15:37Here, apparently, was an imperial lady offering herself in marriage to him.
00:15:44I think Attila would have laughed his head off when this message arrived on the great Hungarian plane.
00:15:49Nothing in his subsequent actions suggested he had any serious desire to go and marry Honoria and take over the Western Empire.
00:15:57Even Attila's knowledge of European geography was sufficient to realise that she was living not in Gaul, which is where he went next, but actually in Italy.
00:16:06So I don't think this was utmost in his mind.
00:16:09On the other hand, it's a terrific pretext.
00:16:10When you get married to someone, you expect the lady to bring a dowry with her.
00:16:16Attila demanded, as Honoria's dowry, a lot of the Western Roman Empire, just to start with.
00:16:24When this request was refused, he invaded the Roman Empire in the West in order to claim what was his due.
00:16:33With the excuse he needed, Attila unleashed the might of his combined barbarian armies into Western Europe.
00:16:43They were intent on wreaking havoc on a large scale.
00:16:47Passing through Cologne, the Huns encountered St Ursula, the perpetual virgin.
00:16:53Attila was smitten by her great beauty.
00:16:56Putting his mission with Honoria to one side, he proposed marriage.
00:17:02She refused, and a furious, rejected Attila had her kill, along with 11,000 of her pilgrim companions.
00:17:11He invades into Northern Gaul.
00:17:15One of the first cities he comes to is the city of Metz.
00:17:18And we are told that he sacked Metz completely, killed everybody, left only the Orchery of St Stephen standing.
00:17:29By May 451, Attila's army had reached Orléans.
00:17:35Here they encountered the superior Western Roman army at the Battle of Chalons.
00:17:40For the first time, the Huns were stopped in their tracks.
00:17:43This was one of the most decisive battles in world history.
00:17:49Had the Huns crushed the Romans, Europe may have fallen under barbarian control.
00:17:55And modern Europeans would have Asian-looking, Mongol features.
00:17:59Really what happens is that the Roman army fights Attila's forces to a standstill.
00:18:04And one little detail, which may or may not be reliable, is that Attila's forces are pushed back.
00:18:09And they re fighting from a barricade made of their saddles.
00:18:14So their horses are being killed in large numbers, and they re fighting ferociously.
00:18:19And then they re able to withdraw.
00:18:22The Hun casualties were so severe that rivers of blood were formed.
00:18:27And those thirsty from the fight had to drink water mingled with gore.
00:18:31The Battle of Chalons dented the image for the first time.
00:18:37And the sources report a massive crisis of confidence after the fighting on the first day.
00:18:44Attila is portrayed in his camp, putting up a big funeral pyre of saddles.
00:18:49And he's going to burn himself to death on top of them before trusted advisers persuade him that actually things weren't quite that dreadful.
00:18:57There was no need to go to such ridiculous extremes.
00:19:00But it certainly represented a setback.
00:19:02Attila's reaction was to invade somewhere else.
00:19:05And the following year, no way deterred, Attila invades northern Italy.
00:19:13Attila tore into the heart of the Roman Empire.
00:19:19City by city fell.
00:19:21His reputation was so fierce that many refused to resist.
00:19:26They let the barbarians in, begging for mercy.
00:19:30Attila showed them none.
00:19:34I think this is partly compensation for the failure in Gaul.
00:19:37He had to reestablish his position over the Huns by having a series of spectacular successes.
00:19:45It's to prove that the old magic is still alive, that Attila can conquer even in the heartland of the Roman, old Roman Empire, Italy itself.
00:19:56And of course, these Italian cities are stuffed full of booty and fabulous treasure.
00:20:01And again, so both the fear and the greed angle on the two pillars on which the Hunnic Empire rests can be satisfied by a suitably victorious campaign in northern Italy.
00:20:14He terrorized his way across northern Europe until his army stood at the gates of Rome.
00:20:20The petrified Roman Emperor Valentinian sent a delegation to appeal for a truce headed by Pope Leo I.
00:20:31This proved fortunate for Attila as his army were riddled with disease and slowed down by plunder.
00:20:39He demanded gold and a safe passage home.
00:20:42Attila, I think by then, had a very weak position.
00:20:46If it is true that his army was suffering from disease and his base was threatened by the Eastern Roman Emperor,
00:20:57he had to withdraw backwards to Pannonia to safeguard that central base without which he could not function at all.
00:21:06Having been paid off, Attila was vexed at the breakout of peace.
00:21:10He returned to Pannonia laden with Roman gold and threatened to invade again as soon as he could.
00:21:19These threats were never realized as his reign of terror was soon to end.
00:21:23In 453 AD, at the age of 48, he took another young wife, Ildiko, a beautiful German noblewoman.
00:21:32The wedding was celebrated in the usual alcoholic style that Hans enjoyed.
00:21:42In a drunken stupor, he flopped down on his back.
00:21:47He had a nose hemorrhage and the flow of blood went backwards into his lungs and choked him.
00:21:56So when they broke in, they found Attila dead and his young wife weeping beneath her veil.
00:22:03He was buried in a riverbed, sealed in three coffins, constructed from gold, silver and iron.
00:22:12He was buried in secret.
00:22:15And those that interred him were then themselves killed so that nobody would know where the grave was.
00:22:25In a sense, Attila never died at all.
00:22:30Attila the Hun only ruled his people for eight years.
00:22:34But the terror he brought to the population of 5th century Europe meant his name is synonymous with death and destruction to this day.
00:22:42The death, the funeral rites, the coffins, the unknown grave, they're all part of the creation of the myth of the great king, the lord of men, the lord of terror.
00:22:59Maybe seven million were shot.
00:23:16We're talking about a total suppression of about 50 million people.
00:23:21Everything that he built turned to dust and everything was simply destroyed.
00:23:38In late 1923, Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the Bolshevik party and father of the Russian revolution, lay demented and dying near Moscow.
00:23:47He was obsessed by one question, who would succeed him as leader of the country.
00:23:53There were two front runners in the race, the dashing intellectual and founder of the Red Army, Leon Trotsky,
00:24:00and the ruthless 43-year-old party secretary, Joseph Stalin.
00:24:05A lot of people believe that Trotsky was the natural successor.
00:24:09He had all of the intellectual, the ideological, the organizational ability, the personality to lead.
00:24:14He was a leader, the leader in the civil war, of none of which qualities Stalin could share.
00:24:22In southern Russia at the turn of the last century, Stalin excelled as a bank robber, agitator and sometime assassin.
00:24:30Forever in and out of jail, the violence and paranoia which would mark him out in later years were already visible.
00:24:37He had a very devious, cunning and somewhat paranoid personality from an early stage.
00:24:45He clearly wasn't one of the lads.
00:24:54For almost 20 years, Stalin was a hunted man.
00:24:57Only once in his early life did he experience anything that came close to normality.
00:25:03It wouldn't last.
00:25:05He met this beautiful young Georgian girl, Yekaterina Svanidze, and they married.
00:25:14And she had a child, but contracted typhus, it is thought, and died.
00:25:20It is said that when he was at her graveside, he told the people there that a cold stone had entered his heart.
00:25:31He had lost all feeling for humanity.
00:25:33In March 1917, the Russian Revolution erupted.
00:25:40The Tsar, Nicholas II, was deposed, and a year later, he and his entire family were shot.
00:25:47With the capital, Petrograd, in turmoil, Stalin's moment had come.
00:25:51Making his way across Russia from a prison camp in Siberia, he found a city filled with revolutionary soldiers.
00:25:58For Stalin, the endless imprisonment was about to pay off.
00:26:01Throughout 1917, he was on all of the main organizing bodies of the Bolshevik party in Petrograd, preparing for the revolution.
00:26:14When a second revolution came in October of the same year, Lenin's Bolsheviks were in control,
00:26:21and Stalin was closer to the power he had always craved.
00:26:25With cold efficiency, Stalin began to maneuver himself into taking control of the party.
00:26:31Once my brother took me to the Bolsheviks in Moscow, where a big party meeting was being held.
00:26:42I was very excited. I wanted to hear Lenin and Trotsky speak.
00:26:51Standing next to Lenin and Trotsky on the stage that night was Stalin.
00:26:55My brother nudged me and said, that's the real dictator of Russia.
00:27:06In January 1924, Lenin died and Stalin saw the chance to seize power.
00:27:11Stalin was in control of so much of the organization of the state and of the party, particularly of the party.
00:27:25Major committees were staffed by him.
00:27:28Once you have that sort of power of patronage, of putting people in place, they're your people.
00:27:33I think what they saw in Stalin, yes, was a leader who was going to direct the party without the factional squabbles that they'd been listening to since 1921.
00:27:47Aware of Stalin's real character, Lenin wrote just before his death.
00:27:54Having become General Secretary, he has enormous power in his hands.
00:27:59And I am not sure that he always knows how to use that power with sufficient caution.
00:28:04The party decided to ignore Lenin's warning about Stalin.
00:28:10It was a decision they and millions of others would soon regret.
00:28:14He was an unforgiving person.
00:28:19Phenomenally unforgiving.
00:28:22All those who somehow displeased him were doomed to die.
00:28:26Sooner or later.
00:28:27Stalin took control and by the end of the 1920s his hold on power was complete.
00:28:40A 30-year orgy of violence and terror was about to begin.
00:28:44In 1927 Stalin introduced his first five-year plan for massive and accelerated industrialization of the Soviet Union.
00:29:01But for this great leap as he called it, he needed one thing in abundance.
00:29:06Food.
00:29:09Food wasn't being supplied on the scale that they wanted it.
00:29:13And they couldn't therefore fund and continue with the huge industrialization program that they had.
00:29:22So the debate was settled in the end by Stalin who said, OK, we're going to collectivize.
00:29:27Stalin forced collectivization on the countryside, turning peasant small holdings into massive state-controlled farms.
00:29:35And although party propaganda films showed life on the collective farms as some sort of paradise on earth,
00:29:41the reality was very different.
00:29:44For the peasantry it was a catastrophic disaster.
00:29:47And in the Ukraine in particular where resistance to collectivization was at its strongest,
00:29:53a still untold number of millions of people died.
00:29:57One million people died in the northern Caucasus alone, some even resorting to cannibalism.
00:30:05Their suffering meant nothing to Stalin. He looked for scapegoats.
00:30:09The ones who didn't like it were the most successful peasants, the so-called kulaks.
00:30:13And they were the ones who opposed collectivization because they had most to lose.
00:30:16So you just take the kulaks and either you kill them or you send them somewhere to the far north and let them settle there and they'll die out.
00:30:25And five million such people died as purely as a result of the collectivization.
00:30:31Those who weren't killed by Stalin were sent to work camps called gulags.
00:30:37Deliberately situated in the harshest areas of Russia, prisoners were turned into slave laborers and worked to death.
00:30:44Huge industrial schemes like the Dnieper dam or the Belomor canal became a living hell for hundreds of thousands who died during their construction.
00:30:52Nobody told us anything whatsoever, no reason why we were there, why they took us there, you know, what we've done wrong, why we were there.
00:31:03Nobody told us anything. We've just been taken as a slave, you know.
00:31:07Maria Sklugotsky was 18 years old in 1939 when she and her entire family were deported from their home in southern Poland to a labor camp in Siberia.
00:31:17People was that packed, we could hardly move at all in the train.
00:31:23But I know a lot of people, I was seeing some people and children thrown away from the train when they was dead, that's it.
00:31:33Nobody was buried.
00:31:38After a three-month train journey, Maria and her family arrived in Krasnoyarsk in eastern Siberia.
00:31:44We had to go to work, you see, to forest.
00:31:48Because they said, if you don't go to work, we don't get any food whatsoever.
00:31:53We were working, cutting trees, you know, and that in forest.
00:31:57I had to walk on my knees from trees to trees, you know, because snow was very, very high.
00:32:04If you walk, you should just fall deep in it.
00:32:06People died just like flies, children and particularly young people, nearly all died.
00:32:18You die, you die, that's it.
00:32:24Not that their fates would ever move Stalin.
00:32:26He once commented, one death is a tragedy, a million deaths is simply a statistic.
00:32:33At the beginning of the 1930s, Stalin's grip on power in Russia was absolute, and for the people of the Soviet Union, it would become the bloodiest decade of his rule.
00:32:53I think that by the end of the 1920s, Stalin was in the grips of some form of paranoia, and saw himself surrounded by enemies, internal, external, in the party, in the country.
00:33:08And the terror to some extent was driven by his own paranoid fears.
00:33:11What became known as the Great Terror began at the Communist Party Congress in 1934, where Stalin was expecting his re-election as party secretary to be a formality.
00:33:23To his horror, 300 of the delegates voted against his nomination, and only three against the popular party favourite, Kirov.
00:33:31That reinforced his sense that there was a faction in the party who were trying to unseat him, and he then began to see enemies everywhere.
00:33:43Stalin's revenge for this treachery was swift.
00:33:47Kirov was assassinated in mysterious circumstances later that year.
00:33:52Of the 1,961 delegates who had attended the 17th Congress, 1,108 of them were shot.
00:33:59Of the 139 Central Committee members, 98 were shot.
00:34:05The purges were a device to really to consolidate the new discipline that Stalin was imposing on the society.
00:34:18Everybody knew that if you didn't give total loyalty and visible dedication to Stalin,
00:34:23you could be sent to the cellars of the Lubyanka and executed immediately, or you could be sent to prison or camp for 25 years, and many were.
00:34:34From their headquarters in the Lubyanka, the NKVD, under Stalin's orders, spread fear throughout the country.
00:34:41Thousands were arrested and accused of everything from spying and sabotage to plotting Stalin's assassination.
00:34:52Stalin himself signed thousands of death warrants.
00:34:55One word, one movement of his finger would change the fate of millions of people, the fates of whole nations.
00:35:10Boris Yefimov was one of the Soviet Union's leading political caricaturists during the 30s.
00:35:15His brother, Koltsov, a writer, was a victim of Stalin's terror.
00:35:22My older brother was a very well-known, popular figure, very energetic, intelligent and independent person.
00:35:33Stalin didn't like this sort of person.
00:35:40He only liked those who fulfilled his orders without any hesitation.
00:35:44At last, the day or the night, to be precise, of Koltsov's fate arrived.
00:35:52On the night of February the 2nd, 1940, after a year in an NKVD prison, Koltsov was shot.
00:36:10As the brother of one of Stalin's enemies, Boris Yefimov was also targeted for arrest.
00:36:16To be compassionate was not in his nature.
00:36:23Why did he spare me then?
00:36:27The answer is simple.
00:36:29He liked my drawings.
00:36:34In exile in Mexico, Stalin's old enemy Trotsky was murdered with an ice pick in 1940.
00:36:40The army that Trotsky founded was itself purged.
00:36:4340,000 officers were arrested, almost 15,000 shot, and the rest sent to camps to be worked to death.
00:36:52Stalin was more or less saying to the people of the Soviet Union,
00:36:55look, nobody is beyond my reach.
00:36:58Nobody is safe.
00:37:00Not only did Stalin execute his victims, he erased them from history altogether.
00:37:06He spared no one.
00:37:08Nikolai Yeshov, the NKVD commander, was arrested and shot in 1940.
00:37:15Stalin made him disappear too.
00:37:18Not even Stalin's wife, Nadezhda, survived the great terror.
00:37:23Driven to despair by his treatment of her, during a party in 1932 for his ministers,
00:37:28she left the room and shot herself.
00:37:40Ironically, the more severe Stalin became, the more he was revered by the people.
00:37:46A combination of propaganda and the ever-present threat of persecution turned Stalin into a demigod.
00:37:52This became known as the cult of personality.
00:37:57The idea, as the cult developed, was that Russian people owed everything to the party, to the state, and to the leader.
00:38:09So, in this sense, the whole society was in debt.
00:38:12One important aspect of this, what I call the economy of the gift, was the importance of thanking Stalin,
00:38:22because you were in debt, and you were thanking for all these gifts and presents, in a sense,
00:38:27all the social services, everything you got.
00:38:29And the slogan, thank you, comrade Stalin, for a happy childhood, represented that idea,
00:38:35that children were having a happy childhood, because Stalin had provided for them.
00:38:43One of those happy children was the girl who appeared in this photograph.
00:38:47Called Friend of the Little Children, it was taken in 1936,
00:38:52and chose Stalin holding six-year-old Gelia Markisova.
00:38:55She remembers the day the photograph was taken.
00:38:59I got up and took the flowers to the Presidium.
00:39:05When somebody asked me where I was going, I said, to Stalin.
00:39:09Then everybody started shouting, kiss him, kiss him.
00:39:14I remembered the feeling of happiness, because I was in Stalin's arms.
00:39:20The next morning I woke up, and I was unbelievably famous.
00:39:23Gelia's celebrity was short-lived.
00:39:29A year later, Gelia's father, Ardan, was accused of spying and arrested.
00:39:34My mother said she wasn't worried at all, because my father simply knew that he wasn't guilty.
00:39:42He said the confusion would be sorted out, and he'd be back soon.
00:39:45It all turned out to be very different.
00:39:49He was shot in 1938.
00:39:54A year after her father's murder, Gelia's mother was found with a throat cut.
00:40:00The official explanation was suicide.
00:40:03But 50 years later, Gelia found out that her mother had been murdered
00:40:06on the orders of Stalin's new NKVD chief, Lavrentiya Beria.
00:40:13In her KGB file, I found a letter to Beria from the local head of the NKVD in Tajikistan.
00:40:23The letter said that Dominika Fedorovan Markizova lives in exile in our town.
00:40:33Her daughter was photographed in Stalin's arms.
00:40:38Also, she has gifts from Stalin and five photographs.
00:40:44We are worried that she is going to show off.
00:40:51That's exactly how they put it.
00:40:56Then there was a question.
00:40:58What should we do?
00:41:00Beria clearly wrote next to it in blue pencil.
00:41:04Eliminate.
00:41:05Although Stalin's terror eased by 1939, a greater one awaited the Russian people
00:41:14in the shape of Adolf Hitler,
00:41:16the man who regarded Stalin as the real genius of political terror.
00:41:21On June the 22nd, 1941, the Nazis invaded Russia,
00:41:26but Stalin was completely unprepared.
00:41:29Weakened by the purges of the 1930s,
00:41:31almost 65% of the Red Army had been captured or killed in the first few months,
00:41:37and the Nazis were less than a mile from Moscow.
00:41:40A lot of people say what Stalin did for Russia
00:41:44was that he enabled them to push back the tanks of Hitler in World War II.
00:41:48But I would say that, in fact, firstly, the invasion would never have got so far,
00:41:56because all those people on the western borderlands who welcomed Hitler with open arms
00:42:02would have fought against him.
00:42:03And secondly, the industrial, the agricultural, and the base of the country and its morale
00:42:12would have been in a proper state to fight in 1941 instead of in 1943 to fall.
00:42:18In a conflict of unprecedented savagery, the Soviet people threw themselves into the war.
00:42:26But even as the Russians died in their millions at Stalingrad,
00:42:30or starved to death in the siege of Leningrad, Stalin continued to terrorize them.
00:42:35If you had been in prison or in camp before the war, you were mobilized, you went to the front,
00:42:44whatever you did at the front and you came back, you were immediately re-arrested and sent back.
00:42:48The repeaters, they were called.
00:42:50Now that, to my mind, does encapsulate the utter cruelty and cynicism of the Stalinist system.
00:43:00When Berlin fell in May 1945, the Russian people, who had seen 27 million of their compatriots die in the war,
00:43:10felt that they had earned a better future. It meant nothing to Stalin.
00:43:14The great tragedy of the whole Soviet experience was the sense that people were sacrificing for a day that never came.
00:43:23Now isolated behind an iron curtain, Stalin's paranoia increased.
00:43:30He found a new enemy in the one people who had suffered more than most during the war.
00:43:35A lot of leading Jews in all fields were arrested and accused of being in some kind of Zionist plot.
00:43:44In what became known as the doctor's plot, Jewish physicians were charged with poisoning people with drugs
00:43:50and killing them on the operating table.
00:43:54They were people who had no national loyalty, so it was natural to accuse the Jews.
00:44:01Stalin suspected that they were more loyal to the new state of Israel than to Soviet Russia.
00:44:07Stalin had already laid plans for the mass trial and deportation of Soviet Jews.
00:44:12We'll never know if Stalin's final solution would become reality.
00:44:19On the night of March the 1st, 1953, Russia's dictator suffered a stroke and died.
00:44:25It is difficult to even list all my friends and acquaintances.
00:44:32Those closest to me, my relatives, they all died, despite being completely innocent.
00:44:38They were arrested, taken away, beaten up.
00:44:43They were forced to confess to everything and shot.
00:44:46It happened to millions.
00:44:48The greatest tragedy for the Russian people is that the man who murdered relentlessly throughout his years in power,
00:44:56whom the West affectionately nicknamed Uncle Joe, would never be called to account for his crimes.
00:45:01Field Marshal Idi Amin became president of Uganda in 1971.
00:45:23To the rest of the world he was a showman whose extravagance was exceeded only by his talent for comic buffoonery.
00:45:34But behind the grinning face was a calculating monster who brought about a tragedy of monumental proportions.
00:45:42He slaughtered thousands of innocent Ugandans in a campaign of ethnic cleansing
00:45:46and executed his enemies live on television.
00:45:52He mutilated his wife and murdered his ministers, keeping their heads in his fridge as a warning to others.
00:45:59He ordered his secret police to torture and kill using sledgehammers,
00:46:04while Amin kept the pictures for his own sick amusement.
00:46:07By the end of his reign, over 300,000 people, one in 60 of the population, had been murdered by Amin.
00:46:16He had turned the prosperous country of Uganda into a disease-ridden backwater,
00:46:21its rivers choked with the corpses of his victims.
00:46:24He reckons that people in Africa can never make a decision,
00:46:28and the only way you can get them to make a decision is either put them in a boxing ring and knock their bloody heads in,
00:46:32or put a rifle up their bum.
00:46:33The landlocked African country of Uganda became part of the British Empire at the turn of the 20th century.
00:46:42It consisted of the ancient kingdom of Buganda and a number of smaller tribes.
00:46:50It was a country rich in mineral deposits and natural produce.
00:46:55Amin was born on the west bank of the Nile in the mid-1920s.
00:46:58He was a member of the Kakwa tribe, a tribe renowned for its fierce warriors.
00:47:04Amin's unusual size and strength soon brought him to the attention of the British colonial army,
00:47:10the King's African Rifles.
00:47:12As a man, he was an extraordinarily powerful specimen.
00:47:18He was six foot tall, he had amazing physique, he was as strong as an ox.
00:47:22And I don't think I'll ever forget the sight of Amin striding along at the head of my company with me.
00:47:32And on one shoulder he was carrying a couple of Bren guns,
00:47:36and over the other shoulder he was carrying an Asghari, a soldier who'd, you know, fallen by the wayside.
00:47:42He was immensely powerful.
00:47:45Amin was not only strong but brutal.
00:47:49He became the national Ugandan heavyweight boxing champion in 1951,
00:47:53a title he held for nine years, knocking out his opponents with a single crushing blow.
00:47:59During the Mau Mau rebellion in the neighbouring East African colony of Kenya,
00:48:05he also proved to be an efficient killer.
00:48:07I was leading a patrol to get to grips, which we were trying to do with a particularly bad gang of Mau Mau.
00:48:16And I remember we suddenly came under fire.
00:48:19And I remember, I mean, acting with incredible skill in the speed with which he shot two, three, four people.
00:48:29I really can't remember.
00:48:31Was really quite extraordinary.
00:48:32It looks to me that the British wanted people like Idi Amin, you know, people who were vicious,
00:48:40who would be ruthless in persecuting, you know, people like the Mau Mau's,
00:48:46and who were completely determined to achieve certain goals, be it so that they can be promoted.
00:48:52And I think Idi Amin was very good at that moment.
00:48:54Twelve months before Ugandan independence, the British officers of the King's African rifles were ordered to train their black NCOs to become the future commanders of the new Ugandan army.
00:49:09Amin was an uneducated illiterate and had no experience of command.
00:49:13His first lesson was how to open a bank account.
00:49:16We had to get him there and then to sign his name.
00:49:21And he practiced and he practiced and he practiced.
00:49:24And after about 20 minutes, a scrawl emerged, which the bank manager accepted as his specimen signature.
00:49:30And I remember going out into the street with Amin afterwards.
00:49:36He said, got a little bit of shopping to do, and I thought no more of it.
00:49:39And when he got back to barracks a couple of hours later, the little shopping, it transpired, had consisted of buying several new suits,
00:49:49a few cases of drink, and don't believe it when you're told that Muslims never drink,
00:49:55and a brand new motor car.
00:49:58He hadn't even got a license, he hadn't even passed a test.
00:50:01So needless to say, his account was considerably overdrawn before he'd even started.
00:50:06When Uganda became independent in 1963, Amin was facing a court-martial for the murder of 14 members of the Turkana tribe.
00:50:17But under the new Prime Minister, Milton Obote, the charges were forgotten,
00:50:22and Amin was promoted to Colonel.
00:50:27It wasn't long before Amin got into trouble again.
00:50:30In 1966, he was investigated for corruption.
00:50:33When it was discovered that within a month, the Ugandan equivalent of 20,000 pounds had been deposited into his bank account.
00:50:41More than the Ugandan Army Colonel could earn in a decade.
00:50:46And in 1970, he was implicated in the brutal murder of his arch-rival, Brigadier Akoya, and Akoya's wife.
00:50:55Amin would face prison or worse, unless he took action.
00:50:59I remember a message was sent to me, would I meet him on the 11th tee at Kampala Golf Course at 4 o'clock in the morning,
00:51:09which was a fairly curious request to get from anybody.
00:51:13Anyway, I duly turned up, and we had a long chat, and he was telling me then that he had plans to remove a boatie.
00:51:20We discussed it at length, and I remember him saying to me, he was a Brigadier at the time, he said,
00:51:30rather sadly, he said, when I was a platoon commander in your platoon, I was quite a good commander, wasn't I?
00:51:37And I said, yes, you were a very good platoon commander.
00:51:39And then he looked even sadder still, and he said, now I'm a senior officer, I find it very, very, very hard.
00:51:47Amin made his bid for power in 1971, deposing Bote while he attended a Commonwealth conference in Singapore.
00:51:56Following his overnight coup, Amin promised a return to democracy.
00:52:00It was alive, but for the people of Uganda, Idi Amin was a saviour.
00:52:07I remember I was a young person when he came to our village, he came in a big helicopter.
00:52:12Well, I was rather young, so I could see this helicopter landing, many of us had never seen a helicopter before.
00:52:18And when he got out in his military fatigues, flamboyant figure with pistols all over,
00:52:23and his army men around him, you know, very well, smartly dressed, and the man was waving to everybody.
00:52:31He looked a character that was very interesting, a new addition to our social and political life.
00:52:38But Amin and his henchmen had already embarked on a campaign of genocide against the tribes who had supported the previous government.
00:52:46First, he purged the army, killing the members of Abote's tribe.
00:52:49Their mutilated corpses were dumped into the country's lakes and rivers.
00:52:54Amin's genocidal campaign would be felt on every level of society.
00:52:59I was at university when the coup happened, and I was actually living in a female hall of residence,
00:53:06and everybody was dancing in the streets and so on.
00:53:09Soldiers started appearing in Mary Stewart Hall, which is what this residence was called,
00:53:13and they would look at the names on the doors and take away women with certain names.
00:53:21These women would be dragged out in the middle of the night, and we'd hear them screaming.
00:53:25And they were actually culling, you know, women from certain tribes, taking them out, and many of them we never saw again.
00:53:34Britain had been the first country to recognize Amin's regime.
00:53:40For Prime Minister Edward Heath, the former army sergeant, was a welcome change from the communist government of Milton Abote.
00:53:47He'd been brought up in the British military culture of agreeing to orders, and I think they thought they would use him very effectively.
00:53:54The only thing is he ended up being very unpredictable.
00:53:59Amin decided to give his old colonial masters a surprise visit.
00:54:04He played the bumbling buffoon, but his intentions were deadly serious.
00:54:09The first that anybody knew of his impending arrival was when the pilot of his aeroplane radioed through to the control tower at Heathrow
00:54:19and said, I'm landing shortly, and I've got the President of Uganda on board.
00:54:24And nobody in this country had the faintest idea why he'd come here.
00:54:28The Queen was fortunately in residence in the country, and she was prevailed upon to give him lunch the following day.
00:54:35After lunch, the Queen looked up over her coffee cup to her guest, who was towering above her, and said,
00:54:43Do please tell me, Mr. President, what do we owe this unexpected honor of your visit to Britain?
00:54:50And, I mean, burst out laughing, which was rather disconcerting to everybody.
00:54:56And then when he had stopped laughing, he said,
00:54:59In Uganda, Your Majesty, it is very difficult to buy size 14 black shoes.
00:55:05And, in fact, what he had come to this country for was he was shopping hard for weapons, aeroplanes, guns, and so on, to suppress his enemies.
00:55:22But word of Amin's atrocities had reached the UK before him.
00:55:26Amin was refused the arms and aid he wanted.
00:55:28He was furious and decided to humiliate the British in any way he could.
00:55:33When, in 1971, the British economy went into recession, Amin started to save the British fund, collecting fruit and vegetables for the starving British.
00:55:44The British now, actually, they are in chaos, as you know.
00:55:48Their economy is in chaos completely.
00:55:51I am very far away from London, but I am helping them.
00:55:54We have opened the fund here, the British fund.
00:55:59I donated 10,000 shilling from my own savings.
00:56:03Some people donated food lorry of vegetables, three tons, to be given to the friends in Britain, but he hasn't sent aeroplanes yet.
00:56:14I've always been very worried about Idi Amin being projected here as both a kind of a fool and a villain.
00:56:21I mean, first of all, you can't be both.
00:56:24And I think the villain was, is much stronger and a very clever villain, who used humour and laughter and jokes as a way of getting exactly what he wanted.
00:56:37In the 19th century, the British employed Asian Indians to build Uganda's railways.
00:56:42Their descendants had become the Ugandan middle class, running most of the country's shops and businesses.
00:56:49But the African Ugandans resented their conspicuous wealth.
00:56:53In 1972, Amin decided to humiliate the British yet again, and win favour at home, by expelling all Asians with British passports.
00:57:0350,000 Asians were given seven days to pack their things and leave.
00:57:10These Asians were brought by British here to Uganda.
00:57:17Therefore the British, they are responsible to look after those Asians.
00:57:25As Amin said goodbye to the Asians, his government was already sharing out their businesses amongst his supporters.
00:57:33There's a day when he came to the capital city and you would literally run and if you reached a shop or a store first, it was allocated to you.
00:57:44So that's how it was done. So many of these people really didn't have the experience of the kind of businesses they were taking.
00:57:49I mean, you get an illiterate, I'm a sergeant, you promote him to a colonel and you allocate a sugar factory to him.
00:57:57He doesn't know what to do with it.
00:57:59Some people did manage, actually, to make those businesses work.
00:58:04But on the whole, the economy, we were the kind of middle structure, you know, this is a very divided society.
00:58:10We were the middle classes, the entrepreneurs, the commercial people, the bankers, and also the doctors and so on.
00:58:17All that went within two and a half months and the country completely went down.
00:58:26A means economic war against the Asians resulted in the total collapse of the Ugandan supply system.
00:58:33His government had created an economy where the new business owners did not know where to get supplies from or what to charge for them.
00:58:40A black market developed. For years there was no sugar or butter or salt.
00:58:47As the people began to starve, Amin's repressive measures increased.
00:58:52He introduced public executions, the first in 75 years.
00:58:56Petty criminals and critics of the regime were rounded up and shot as terrorists.
00:59:01The first firing squads that happened in 1972, which I, for one, as a young person in Uganda witnessed, we had never seen anything like that.
00:59:13And people were put on firing squad in every town of Uganda.
00:59:19And this was televised, you know, for people to see.
00:59:23I think that the idea behind it was to say, anybody else who is going to try this against Idi Amin will have to get this treatment.
00:59:31And I think the best is, don't try it.
00:59:41After Amin's expulsion of the Asians, the Ugandan economy had taken a nosedive.
00:59:46To generate the cash he needed for his army, he took control of Uganda's principal export, coffee.
00:59:52If you would sell your coffee within Uganda, all the government would do was to give you promissory notes.
00:59:58You are supposed to go back after a month or something to pick your money, but it never came.
01:00:04Or if it came, they only gave you part of it.
01:00:07And yet there was this lucrative market in Kenya, just across the lake where you could get maybe three to four times your money.
01:00:15Faced with poverty, many Ugandan coffee growers took to smuggling across Lake Victoria.
01:00:22Amin's income from coffee dwindled to nothing.
01:00:26He took very, very drastic actions against the smugglers.
01:00:31The helicopter would just come and sit on the boat and sink it.
01:00:34They came with tanks, APCs, and then they would shoot at them.
01:00:38And that's how my cousin, who was one of the people who was engaged in this smuggling.
01:00:46So one day he was caught out, so he tried to run, but still they managed to shoot him.
01:00:52While the Ugandan people were deprived of the bare essentials, Amin ensured the loyalty of his cronies through the whiskey run,
01:01:00a plane packed with alcohol and luxuries, which would arrive each week from Stansted Airport.
01:01:05He regularly held lavish parties in his home county-style villa, where he would play the accordion interminably while terrified couples danced.
01:01:16To remind his guests of the price of treachery, he would show them a fridge filled with the severed heads of his victims.
01:01:23Amin was a man of great appetites.
01:01:27Amin was a man of great appetites.
01:01:30He had 18 children by four wives.
01:01:33His favorite, Sarah, was a go-go dancer with Amin's own house ensemble, the revolutionary suicide jazz band.
01:01:40But Amin's brutality also extended to his wives.
01:01:45In 1975, the body of his wife Kay was delivered to Mulago Hospital.
01:01:50It had been chopped into pieces.
01:01:52To maintain his terror machine, Amin needed foreign military aid.
01:02:02At first, his troops had been trained by the Israelis, but they pulled out, sickened by his atrocities.
01:02:08Amin then turned to the Arab world for help, but he would not forget how he had been betrayed by the Israelis.
01:02:14When, in 1972, Palestinian terrorists massacred the Israeli Olympic team in Munich, he sent this telegram to United Nations Permanent Secretary Kurt Waldheim.
01:02:25Hitler and all German people knew that the Israelis are not people who are working in the interest of the people of the world.
01:02:32And that is why they burnt over six million Jews alive with gas on the soil of Germany.
01:02:37The world should remember that the Palestinians, with the assistance of Germany, made the operation possible in the Olympic village.
01:02:46Idi Amin Dada.
01:02:49On June the 27th, 1976, when Palestinian terrorists hijacked an airliner flying from Israel to France, Amin saw another opportunity for vengeance.
01:03:00He offered the hijackers a safe haven at Entebbe Airport.
01:03:03The Israelis sent a rescue force of 200 soldiers in four cargo planes.
01:03:10After flying 2,400 miles, the Israeli force rescued the hostages within one hour of landing.
01:03:17Amin was humiliated.
01:03:19The only revenge he could take was shooting the one remaining hostage, along with more than 200 of his senior officials.
01:03:26By this time, Amin's terror apparatus was enormous.
01:03:29Each year, thousands of young men of Amin's tribe were recruited to join his security services, the deceptively titled Public Safety Unit and State Research Bureau.
01:03:42Amin gave them submachine guns and a license to kill.
01:03:46Many saw it as a license to loot and rape as well.
01:03:49The State Research Bureau was an intelligence service, like any government would have in any world.
01:03:59But the trouble with this unit is that it was full of illiterate people.
01:04:05Who didn't know what intelligence service is?
01:04:07All they wanted is just to enrich themselves.
01:04:11So that's why they started killing people, so that they can gain reach from that dead person's estate.
01:04:20Wycliffe Kato was in charge of Ugandan air traffic during the Entebbe raid.
01:04:25In 1976, he was arrested and taken to Nakasero Prison, the notorious headquarters of the State Research Bureau.
01:04:33In the evening at eight, the soldiers came, started beating me up.
01:04:42They took my briefcase, they took my watch, they took my traveller's checks.
01:04:47The purpose of the beatings and the torturing is difficult to tell,
01:04:52because anybody who just beat you come up and start beating you without asking what wrong you have done.
01:04:58Kato managed to escape. He was lucky. For most of the thousands of prisoners at Nakasero,
01:05:06their stay would end when they were beaten to death with sledgehammers.
01:05:11In 1978, Amin launched an invasion of Tanzania to distract his people from the carnage at home.
01:05:19But Amin's troops had been trained to butcher unarmed civilians.
01:05:23They were no match for the Tanzanian army.
01:05:25As his army dissolved into a retreating rabble, Amin announced a strategic withdrawal.
01:05:31I have withdrawn the troops from Tanzania border, and so withdrawing them to the Uganda national border,
01:05:43because I believe in peace, unity, reconciliation, and love between my neighbours, including Tanzania, and a good understanding.
01:05:55But for once, no one believed Amin's crocodile tears.
01:06:00The Tanzanians crossed the border and invaded Uganda.
01:06:04I did go out there and meet up with him again, because I just wanted to see the state that he was in, and so on.
01:06:14And it was actually rather tragic.
01:06:16He'd taken to the bottle, he was drinking neat creme de cacao.
01:06:22There was a lot of bluff, and so on, you know.
01:06:25We'll still defeat them, and I've got battalions behind me, and everybody in the country is loyal to me.
01:06:33There was no truth to it at all. He knew his days were numbered.
01:06:36The Tanzanian invaders took Kampala in 1979.
01:06:41When they liberated Nakasero prison, they found a few prisoners who had survived by eating human flesh and drinking their own urine.
01:06:50They also found a tunnel leading to Amin's villa, where they found a collection of pictures of his torture victims.
01:06:57But Amin had escaped. He fled Uganda to a life of exile.
01:07:03Today, he lives in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and spends his days eating oranges to combat his ballooning weight.
01:07:10Despite being responsible for the deaths of over a quarter of a million people, no attempt has been made to extradite Idi Amin,
01:07:18or make him pay for his crimes in a court of law.
01:07:21My feeling is that he should be brought back and face the law.
01:07:30And in my opinion, if the law can have him hanged, that would be a good punishment for all the crimes he committed, in my opinion.
01:07:45And now you're going to sing it for me.
01:07:47And you're going to be the same for the crimes he got to below the crimes he had to avoid.
01:07:52And you're going to be a puberty at all.
01:07:53And the law can have been brought to him in the peace of exile.
01:07:56Today, I will tell you about the law who is used to do this law for the killing ofivi 바다.
01:07:58It's an easy feat that I attend to the law in the prison that was the law.
01:08:00The law can't be the law of the law in law, but the law can not be the law for the law of the law.
01:08:03And I will tell you that he has become an important law in law.
01:08:05Now the law is that he has to be the law for the law of the law of the law.
01:08:07Now the law is..
01:08:09We've been enforcement and the law of the law of the law to the law of the law.