Vous êtes-vous déjà demandé à quoi ressemblaient les choses dans le passé ? Prenons les Pyramides de Gizeh – elles étaient initialement recouvertes d'un calcaire blanc très brillant qui les faisait scintiller au soleil. La Statue de la Liberté n'a pas toujours été verte ; au départ, elle était de la couleur du cuivre, mais elle a viré au vert au fil du temps à cause de l'oxydation. Et saviez-vous que les premiers ascenseurs étaient actionnés par des mécanismes à manivelle - rien à voir avec les ascenseurs que nous connaissons aujourd'hui ! Même les télécommandes étaient jadis des appareils encombrants attachés à des câbles - alors que maintenant, ce sont des gadgets sans fil élégants, et nous ne pouvons plus nous en passer. Incroyable comme tous ces objets ont changé avec le temps ! Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00If someone finally invents time travel, and you go back to the past, you will not recognize most of the things you know and love today.
00:09The Statue of Liberty and the pyramids of Egypt, some basic gadgets like the remote control and your laptop,
00:16and even the corn you eat for lunch have all changed to the point of being unrecognizable.
00:21When the pyramids were built in ancient Egypt, in Giza and other places, they did not have this brown, sandy aspect at all.
00:29They were covered in white limestone.
00:31When we looked at them under the scorching sun of Africa, we had to turn our eyes away as they were smooth and shiny.
00:38The builders used about 6 million tons of limestone for the only large pyramid in Giza.
00:44It is the largest of those still standing.
00:47The local rulers were rather economical, and they reused some of the covered stones for other construction projects.
00:55A massive earthquake in the 14th century also removed some of the stones.
01:02So you won't see a lot of limestone, but there are still some at the top of the Pyramid of Khefre in Giza.
01:08It looks like a second peak above the first.
01:11In antiquity, all the pyramids were decorated with pyramids covered in a mixture of gold and silver.
01:18Most have been lost over the centuries, but you can still see some of them in museums.
01:23They represent Egyptian deities.
01:26The pyramids were probably designed according to a sacred pointy stone, the benben.
01:31It represented the sun's rays.
01:33Lifting heavy stones was not as simple without the technology we have today.
01:37I suppose you will agree with me if you have already helped your friends move at least once and they made you carry the sofa.
01:45But the Egyptians had thought of everything, and they chose the pyramidal shape
01:50because it allows the weight to be distributed evenly over the entire object.
01:55The Statue of Liberty has also undergone a major transformation since its inauguration in 1886.
02:02Believe it or not, it was once shiny, like a penny.
02:0620 years later, it has turned green.
02:09It was not a fashion effect, but a chemical reaction.
02:13The statue is covered in hundreds of thin leaves of copper.
02:17When the copper comes in contact with the air, it forms a protective layer called grey glass.
02:25This is why statues and other copper, brass and bronze objects can last so long.
02:31When Lady Liberty became green, the authorities decided that it would be a good idea to repaint it.
02:37It was well before the advent of social media,
02:40and it was therefore not possible to leave a furious comment under the post presenting this idea.
02:45But local newspapers talked about it and the public did not agree.
02:49The Times then interviewed a copper and bronze manufacturer,
02:53who confirmed that it should not be repainted,
02:56because removing this protective layer would destroy the statue.
03:00Over the years, people have suggested several times to repaint Lady Liberty,
03:05but no one has ever done it.
03:07I do not know what it is for you, but I can not imagine this lady in another color,
03:11so I guess it's better this way.
03:15Do you like bananas as much as I do?
03:17The next time you taste a juicy one,
03:20do not forget that you owe this texture to selective culture.
03:24Originally, wild bananas contained a lot of hard seeds and little of this delicious pulp.
03:30And the sweet watermelon, do you like that?
03:33Its history dates back more than 5,000 years.
03:36In the past, the flesh of the watermelon was bitter,
03:39of a yellowish white, and it was very difficult to open it.
03:44Selective culture has still saved the bet,
03:47and the watermelons have become much sweeter.
03:50Japanese scientists have gone even further,
03:53and have invented a version without seeds.
03:55The grandmother of corn is a Mexican seed called teosinte.
04:00The seeds of this seed were small,
04:02and even rather rare.
04:04Several thousand years ago,
04:06farmers only kept the seeds of the largest,
04:09tastiest plants,
04:11or whose seeds were easier to mold.
04:14And we thank them for giving us this delicious corn that we eat today.
04:18And imagine that,
04:20wild avocados were so small,
04:22that they easily held in one hand.
04:25Their cores were so big,
04:27that there was not much to eat.
04:29And their shells were also much harder
04:31than those of modern avocados,
04:33which we are used to.
04:35You probably couldn't do a lot of work today
04:38without your precious computer,
04:40but I can't tell you exactly
04:42who you should thank for this invention.
04:44The ABC of 1942
04:46is one of the claimants to the title of first computer.
04:50It is the acronym of Atanasoff Berry Computer,
04:53named after its inventors
04:55of the State University of Iowa.
04:57The ABC weighed more than 320 kg.
05:01Yes, yours is certainly much lighter.
05:04This machine was composed of about 300 empty tubes
05:07and had a rotating drum,
05:09a little bigger than a paint pot,
05:11on which were small capacitors.
05:14A capacitor is a gadget capable of storing an electric charge,
05:17like a battery.
05:19The ABC could solve problems
05:21with up to 29 different variables,
05:23which allowed scientists to save time.
05:26Like modern computers,
05:28it used a binary system of 1's and 0's
05:31to represent all the numbers and all the data.
05:34Thanks to this, it has become possible
05:36to perform calculations electronically.
05:39And now, listen to this.
05:41The ABC performed an operation
05:43every 15 seconds or so.
05:45As a comparison,
05:47a computer now performs
05:49millions of operations per second.
05:51Contrary to the technology we use today,
05:54the ABC did not have a program
05:56that could be recorded and modified.
05:58A program could only perform
06:00one task at a time.
06:02An operator had to write down
06:04the intermediate answer,
06:06then recompose it in the computer.
06:08This is why I am happy to live
06:10in the 21st century.
06:13The remote control you use
06:15for all kinds of devices
06:17does not date from yesterday either.
06:19Nikola Tesla, who gave us
06:21the alternative current,
06:23designed one of the first wireless remote controls
06:25in 1898.
06:27He named his invention
06:29the Teleautomaton
06:31and presented it with a miniature boat
06:33controlled by radio waves.
06:35The boat was equipped
06:37with a small metal antenna.
06:39Tesla sent signals to the boat
06:41with a box with a lever
06:43and a telegraphic key,
06:45his version of a remote control.
06:47These signals moved
06:49the boat's electrical contacts
06:51to the propellers.
06:53The concept of the remote control
06:55then spread to other gadgets.
06:57The first television remote control
06:59appeared in 1950.
07:01It was designed by
07:03the Zenith Radio Corporation
07:05who named it
07:07Lazy Bone.
07:09The Lazy Bone
07:11was equipped with a huge cable
07:13connected to the TV.
07:15Those who tried it
07:17did not fall in love
07:19with it all the time.
07:21Not very practical, I admit.
07:23If you live or work
07:25at the top of a building,
07:27this invention is for you.
07:29Here is the first elevator for passengers.
07:31It moved at a speed of 12 meters per minute.
07:33It's not very fast,
07:35I know, compared to today's record
07:37which is 12 meters per second.
07:39But hey,
07:41it dates from 1857
07:43and was built in New York.
07:45It was more of a tourist attraction
07:47than a necessity.
07:49The elevator operated
07:51with a steam engine
07:53hidden in the basement
07:55of a five-story building.
07:57But it was closed
07:59three years later
08:01because the public
08:03did not like it.
08:05It was at this time
08:07that Cody Stufts
08:09filed his first patent
08:11for a vertical railway.
08:13His invention included
08:15installing elevators
08:17in luxury hotels around the world.
08:19They were real rooms
08:21very nicely decorated
08:23with padded seats,
08:25mirrors on the walls
08:27and sometimes a small chandelier.
08:29An operator closed the door
08:31and the cabin began its very slow ascent.
08:33It was used because it was fashionable.
08:35It was not very fast.
08:37I have always preferred stairs.