Découvrez des faits époustouflants dans cette vidéo fascinante ! De la surprenante remontée du sol au-dessus de Yellowstone à d'autres phénomènes incroyables, préparez-vous à être éblouis. Rejoignez-nous alors que nous plongeons dans les mystères de la nature et découvrons des vérités stupéfiantes. Ne manquez pas cette exploration édifiante ! Abonnez-vous maintenant pour plus de contenu qui défie l'entendement. Animation créée par Sympa.
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Musique par Epidemic Sound https://www.epidemicsound.com
Pour ne rien perdre de Sympa, abonnez-vous!: https://goo.gl/6E4Xna
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Nos réseaux sociaux :
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/sympasympacom/
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sympa.officiel/
Stock de fichiers (photos, vidéos et autres):
https://www.depositphotos.com
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https://www.eastnews.ru
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FunTranscript
00:00You may have already heard that the Yellowstone National Park rests on a huge supervolcano.
00:07This is the reason why the region can boast of powerful geysers and other thermal sources.
00:13But this also means that below Yellowstone is a huge magmatic chamber.
00:19In 2015, researchers from the University of Utah discovered that this chamber was much larger than what everyone thought until then.
00:27And they even discovered a second magma reservoir under the first.
00:31Logically, the more spacious these chambers are, the more magma they contain.
00:36Together, the two reservoirs accumulate a mass of lava in fusion that could easily fill the Grand Canyon not once, but 11 times.
00:45But you know what's most worrying about these magmatic chambers?
00:49They tend to push against the ground above them.
00:52And as a result, Yellowstone's ground rises from about 3 to 5 cm per year.
00:58In addition, Yellowstone has the status of an active volcano, and its volcanic explosiveness index.
01:04Because yes, there is one, and 8 out of 8.
01:08Such a high number means that if this volcano erupted, it would be an apocalyptic event.
01:14To put things in perspective, the Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines in 1991,
01:20which is considered the most powerful in human history, received only a 6 on the volcanic explosiveness index.
01:27Ha, nullos.
01:29Now, let's see if there is a place to worry.
01:32In March 2023, the seismographic stations of the University of Utah recorded 354 earthquakes in the entire Yellowstone National Park region.
01:42This seems impressive.
01:45But let's keep in mind that the most significant event of the month was a mini-earthquake of magnitude 3.7.
01:52It was part of a succession of 106 earthquakes, which began on March 29 and continued until the end of the month.
02:01And yes, earthquakes apparently also obey the laws of series.
02:05So here you are warned.
02:07Seismologists claim that Yellowstone's seismic activity is, well, a little more active than usual.
02:13But it's not as serious as it seems.
02:16A geophysicist named Michael Poland, working at the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory,
02:21claims that the volcano will not erupt immediately.
02:25For this to happen, there must be enough magma ready to erupt under the surface.
02:30Oof.
02:31There must also be enough pressure for this magma to rise.
02:35But none of these conditions are met today.
02:38According to the researcher, Yellowstone would be stable at the moment.
02:43At the same time, Poland and his team are recording all kinds of underground activities,
02:48looking for signs of possible eruptions.
02:51Some of them may even be the frequency of earthquakes or the deformation of the ground.
02:56Thousands of mini-earthquakes coupled with extreme changes to the surface of the ground in this area
03:01may be forerunner signs.
03:03The team is also monitoring Yellowstone's thermal readings.
03:07This is another notable sign of a potential disaster.
03:10Changes on the scale of the entire park in geyser activity,
03:14as well as in its gas and heat emissions.
03:17So, despite the media's claims that Yellowstone would soon be about to erupt,
03:22because the last one occurred 7,000 years ago,
03:25this is not how volcanoes work.
03:27Experts claim that this is one of the most common misunderstandings about volcanoes.
03:32They do not follow a calendar.
03:34If a super-eruption were to occur,
03:37the most worrying thing for us would not be lava flows,
03:40no more than the earthquake that would most likely accompany this natural disaster.
03:45No.
03:46The worst consequence of such a super-eruption would be ashes and their fall.
03:51Let's take a look at what happened when the Yellowstone volcano erupted many years ago.
03:57At least three super-eruptions have occurred in the history of the volcano.
04:02The most powerful of them was 2,500 times more devastating than the terrifying eruption of Mount St. Helens
04:08in the state of Washington in 1980.
04:12As for the most recent super-eruption in the park,
04:15it was nicknamed the Lava Creek eruption.
04:18It was the one that formed the Yellowstone caldera
04:21after vomiting a crazy amount of dust, volcanic ash and rocks into the air.
04:27Recently, scientists have also discovered two other super-eruptions,
04:31until then unknown, which occurred about 8.7 and 9 million years ago.
04:37The most recent of the two is now considered
04:39as the most important event ever recorded in the entire volcanic region of Snake River and Yellowstone.
04:45Very well.
04:46Let's now take a look at what happened all these millions of years ago.
04:50Since we were not there at the time,
04:53let's put all this on the basis of evidence.
04:56The first signs of the disaster appeared long before it broke out.
05:00Over thousands of years,
05:02the heat has only accumulated inside the Earth's mantle.
05:06It has not ceased to melt the rock under the crust of the planet,
05:09leaving behind huge chambers.
05:11These were filled with a mixture of semi-solid rock pressure,
05:15magma, water vapor and various gases, including carbon dioxide.
05:20All this boiling underground soup was spreading more and more
05:23as more and more magma arrived over time.
05:26And the Earth above the volcanic system rose almost imperceptibly.
05:32A year before its super-eruption,
05:34Yellowstone released a warning,
05:36a little rototo maybe,
05:38but at that time, there was no one who could interpret these signals.
05:42In addition, these worrying processes took place mainly underground.
05:46For example, decompression releases gas balls.
05:49When they burst, these balls can often feed particular types of eruptions.
05:55Months before the eruption,
05:57low-magnitude earthquakes became more frequent and more intense.
06:01Everywhere on the flanks of the supervolcano,
06:03the ground has become warmer than before.
06:06Surface lakes and underground waters have also become warmer.
06:10If people had been present at this time,
06:12they would have noticed an unusual fog around the region.
06:17Shortly before the beginning of the eruption,
06:19the increasing pressure pushed the ground over the magmatic chamber up.
06:23This created an elevation in the form of a dome.
06:26Thin cracks then began to open along the edges of this dome.
06:30Imagine opening a bottle of soda after shaking it.
06:33Something similar was happening on the edge of the volcano.
06:36A bit like the experience of Mentos in coca-lite.
06:39Then, the pressure was released through the fractures
06:42when the gases burst under the surface.
06:45Just before the disaster,
06:46the ground around the Yellowstone volcano rose.
06:49Geothermal basins and geysers warmed up
06:52until they reached boiling temperatures
06:54and became more acidic than usual.
06:57The magma began to rise to the surface.
07:00At some point,
07:01the rocky dome of the magmatic chamber could no longer resist
07:04and the eruption began.
07:07Small but constant tremors began to shake the ground
07:10several days before the disaster.
07:12But the real tremors began only a few minutes before the eruption.
07:16With a deafening rumble,
07:18a huge column of lava and ash was projected into the air.
07:22In a few minutes,
07:23a pyroclastic flow swept the area
07:26at a speed comparable to that of a hurricane.
07:29Such a flow is a liquid mixture of semi-solid pieces of lava,
07:33volcanic ash and hot gas.
07:36It looks like an extremely hot and toxic avalanche of snow.
07:40With a temperature of about 700 ° C,
07:43it burned everything in its path.
07:46The volcano continued to spit ashes for days and days.
07:50For all living beings,
07:51their fall was one of the most dangerous consequences of the eruption.
07:55The volcanic ash turned into glassy cement
07:58a few seconds after being inhaled.
08:00Most animals did not have the chance to survive.
08:03Even robust trees began to collapse
08:06under the weight of this dense substance.
08:08It only took a few days
08:10for a thick layer of ash to cover huge areas.
08:15After the ashes entered the stratosphere,
08:18temperatures around the world began to drop.
08:21The eruption was rich in sulfur,
08:23which is an effective solar light blocker.
08:26This is why it was so cold
08:28that there was no summer in the world for several years.
08:31Animals could no longer find food or clean water.
08:35This natural disaster,
08:37called the supervolcanic eruption of Gracelanding,
08:40was truly colossal.
08:42This is how researchers have described it
08:44in their recent studies,
08:45and it affected a vast territory.
08:48The lava currents embalmed volcanic glass,
08:51burning an area as large as New Jersey.
08:53It instantly sterilized the surface of the earth,
08:57eliminating all the plant life that thrived there before.
09:02If such an eruption were to occur today,
09:04it would cover Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming
09:07with almost one meter of toxic volcanic ash.
09:11Many regions would be plunged into darkness.
09:14Even the coast, where the majority of Americans live,
09:17would have problems with the spread of ash clouds.
09:20The disaster would destroy crops
09:22and contaminate pastures,
09:24disrupting power lines and transformers.
09:27So, I'm sure you'll agree with us.
09:30It's a very good thing that such a disaster
09:32is not planned right away.
09:33And we already have a lot of other things to deal with.
09:38Here's a new one.
09:39The oldest pyramid in the world
09:41was built during the last glacial period,
09:44and it's not in Egypt.
09:46It seems that our ancestors built an old pyramid
09:4927,000 years old in Java West.
09:52Gunung Padang doesn't look like a real pyramid at first glance.
09:55It's more like a hill with huge stones scattered all over.
09:58But the people in the area seem to worship the site.
10:01And for centuries.
10:02It's only recently that Indonesian authorities
10:05decided to dig a little deeper to find out more.
10:09They ended up finding the remains of a human society.
10:12It was rather unexpected, because the goal is quite high.
10:15The only certainty we got from these excavations
10:18is that there were humans in the region in 45 BC,
10:22which seems reasonable.
10:24They came back to an Indonesian geologist named Danny Hillman
10:27to prove that Gunung Padang was the first pyramid in the world.
10:30He used all kinds of new technologies to try to prove it.
10:34Our friend used carbon dating,
10:36digging deeply on the site to extract large pieces of material to analyze.
10:40And he discovered countless layers of stone shaped.
10:43As if digging under Rome,
10:45we discovered tons of buildings buried.
10:47According to his research, there were caverns,
10:50and in these caverns, rooms.
10:52Which proved, according to him, that men had passed through there.
10:55As for the rocks located at the top of the hill,
10:58they were probably strategically placed there by those who lived on the site.
11:03They needed a place to meditate,
11:05so they arranged things in a harmonious way.
11:08Their smooth surface was not the result of a secular erosion,
11:12but the work of great sculptors, the Michelangelo of their time.
11:16If all this is true,
11:17then human civilizations began much earlier than we thought.
11:21Our ancestors, the humans of the Paleolithic,
11:24did not have what it took to be considered civilized.
11:27They had neither the tools nor the knowledge to build pyramids.
11:31They would have needed certain skills in Freemasonry,
11:34and it can be said that there was seriously lacking at that time.
11:37Many are those who doubted Hillman.
11:39His theory was seductive, but he had no proof.
11:42Nor charcoal, nor bone fragments.
11:44He had nothing.
11:48Flint Dieble, another archaeologist,
11:50said that without concrete proof of human activity,
11:53we cannot talk about real pyramids.
11:56All this data only proves that the ground of the hill goes back 27,000 years.
12:01He thinks that the rocks located at the top
12:03simply slipped at the bottom of the hill,
12:06as the rocks normally do.
12:08Only a very advanced society
12:10would have managed to build such a pyramid at a degree.
12:13And according to Bill Farley, an American archaeologist,
12:16there is simply no reason to believe
12:18that there were human societies in Indonesia
12:21during the last glacial period.
12:23Wow, there is a hole at the bottom of the ocean.
12:25It would seem that the ocean is a leak.
12:28But it is not a leak as we might expect,
12:31where the water simply flows.
12:33It is rather a source,
12:35because the water flows inwards and not outwards.
12:38This unique leak is known as the Piti Oasis.
12:41It is a student named Brendan Phillip
12:43who discovered it by chance
12:45when he noticed that bubbles were rising to the surface.
12:48Normally, the presence of bubbles in the ocean
12:50indicates that there could be hydrothermal chimneys
12:53which are hot spots where very interesting phenomena develop.
12:56These chimneys are in fact comparable to hot springs
12:59along the ocean floor.
13:01But instead of boiling at the bottom of the seas,
13:04they release a fluid overheated in the crust of our planet.
13:07When the seawater infiltrates these cracks
13:09and sinks into the crust,
13:11it comes into contact with the extremely hot mantle of our planet.
13:14The seawater is then carried to very high temperatures.
13:17Then, by rising to the surface,
13:20it transports dissolved gases and minerals.
13:22When the hot fluid spills out of the chimneys,
13:25it mixes with the surrounding seawater
13:27and quickly cools down.
13:29At a short distance from the chimney,
13:31the temperature can drop to a comfortable 20°C.
13:35Which is exactly, it seems,
13:37what some creatures appreciate.
13:39And there are real oddities living in this darkness.
13:43Like ghost fish,
13:45giant red-pointed tubiculars,
13:47and a unique type of shrimp with eyes on its back.
13:50Some of these creatures,
13:52like tubiculars and bacteria,
13:54depend on the chemical compounds
13:56and minerals released by the chimneys
13:58to survive in these difficult conditions.
14:00But in this case,
14:02the boiling water did not come from a hydrothermal chimney.
14:05It came from a source,
14:07and that's a little more worrying.
14:09The water from this reservoir must stay where it is.
14:12If too much of it escapes,
14:14it could have serious consequences,
14:16especially for the surrounding region.
14:19We can observe this unusual leak
14:21along the subduction zone of Cascadia,
14:23which is a huge fault
14:25off the northwest coast of the Pacific.
14:27It is a place where two large plates
14:29that form the earth's crust meet
14:31and slide against each other.
14:33The water of the oasis acts
14:35as a lubricant between these plates.
14:37We can compare the fault zone
14:39to a pneumatic hockey table.
14:41When the pressure of the fluid is high,
14:43it is as if the air was activated.
14:45This means that the friction between the plates
14:47is reduced,
14:49allowing them to move.
14:51But if the pressure of the fluid is lower,
14:53the two plates can get stuck
14:55against each other,
14:57which leads to an accumulation of the constraint.
14:59So they feel bad.
15:01In the context of tectonic plates,
15:03the constraint is a pressure
15:05or a force capable of causing a deformation.
15:07And if this pressure starts to accumulate,
15:09at some point,
15:11it has to come out somewhere.
15:13When it is too strong,
15:15it can trigger earthquakes,
15:17and probably no less.
15:19For example, a release of the constraint
15:21in the area of subduction of Cascadia
15:23could lead to an earthquake
15:25of magnitude 9.
15:27For comparison,
15:29the largest earthquake ever recorded
15:31occurred in Chile in 1960,
15:33with a magnitude of 9.5.
15:35The damage was colossal.
15:37So we hope that the water
15:39will remain in its reservoir
15:41to maintain the delicate balance
15:43between the tectonic plates.
15:45We have explored only 5% of the oceans.
15:47Who knows how many great things
15:49are still at the bottom
15:51waiting to be discovered?
15:53Look, for example,
15:55these mysterious holes
15:57that scientists have discovered
15:59in the depths of the Atlantic Ocean,
16:01near the Azores.
16:03They are perfectly aligned
16:05and spaced about 10 cm,
16:07or even a few meters,
16:09like a fish left by a sewing machine.
16:11Some think these holes
16:13could have a biological origin.
16:15For example, some fish
16:17could have been formed by walking
16:19on the seabed.
16:21Others think we are in the presence
16:23of a phenomenon of human origin,
16:25perhaps left by a studded tire.
16:27Of course, such holes are perfect
16:29to invent stories about creatures
16:31from other planets
16:33that could have created them.
16:35Or maybe even legendary monsters
16:37that could have created the symmetry
16:39of 16 holes.
16:41But a specialist biologist
16:43from the depths
16:45has proposed a rather convincing
16:47explanation.
16:49According to him,
16:51it could be an animal digging
16:53under the sediments.
16:55And from time to time,
16:57he could create small chimneys
16:59just to have access
17:01to a circulation of clean water
17:03in his little terrier.
17:05Thank you for joining us.