Environ 80 pour cent du Mexique est vide en raison d'un mélange de facteurs naturels et humains. Le terrain rugueux des chaînes de montagnes de la Sierra Madre rend difficile l'agriculture et la construction d'infrastructures. Le Mexique doit également faire face à des catastrophes naturelles telles que des tremblements de terre, une activité volcanique et des ouragans, en particulier dans les zones côtières, ce qui rend la vie là-bas risquée et coûteuse. Les populations indigènes se sont historiquement installées dans des zones plus fertiles, et leur déplacement au fil du temps a laissé certaines régions peu peuplées. De plus, les réformes agraires et les différences culturelles entre divers groupes ont conduit à une répartition inégale de la population. Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00Mexico is huge, and one of the most populated countries in the world.
00:04More than 128 million people live there.
00:07But why more than half of them have decided to settle in this small piece of land?
00:12This region in the center of the country represents only 18% of Mexico.
00:17And the inhabitants have been living there for centuries.
00:20All this because it seems to be the only habitable place in the country.
00:24In the north, there are hot and dry deserts.
00:27Let's face it, it can be very difficult to survive in such climatic conditions.
00:32In the south, there are jungles, and these are nightmarish.
00:36The jungles are hot and humid, so they may not deceive you
00:40by making you believe that they will be a cozy home for you.
00:43But it is very difficult to build anything in there.
00:47The concrete does not dry out because of the terrible and incessant rains,
00:51and the heat degrades the roads in asphalt.
00:54This is why there are only 8 paved roads through the jungles of the south,
00:58linking Mexico to Central America.
01:00Roads are crucial for a decent life.
01:03The more roads there are, the better and cheaper the transport is,
01:06which helps people to trade, to do business, and to earn more money.
01:12But the jungles have even more serious problems than just a lack of roads.
01:16Agriculture.
01:17Most of the nutrients in the jungles are found in plants,
01:20old wood and decomposing leaves.
01:22When these elements decompose,
01:24they become McDonald's quality meals for insects, mushrooms and bacteria.
01:29They immediately begin to recycle the nutrients so quickly
01:33that almost none reach the soil.
01:35Without nutrients, the soil becomes sterile and useless.
01:39Oh, and we still have to clear the jungles from time to time.
01:43Otherwise, they can become impractical.
01:46People do it by using burning methods.
01:48But because of this, they often end up with a poor soil
01:51that needs a lot of fertilizers to grow crops.
01:55And don't forget the omnipresent pests of the jungle.
01:58These little guys throw themselves on crops,
02:01and no amount of pesticides can eliminate them permanently.
02:05To make matters worse,
02:07almost 70% of Mexico is located in the mountains.
02:10It is one of the most mountainous countries in the world,
02:13comparable to Switzerland.
02:15And the mountains, just like the rain,
02:17do everything they can to prevent humanity from prospering.
02:21Building infrastructure there is almost impossible.
02:24It requires tons of money and labor compared to the plains.
02:28It also makes transportation between these valleys
02:30and to the coast much more difficult.
02:33Now imagine mountains combined with jungles.
02:36Exactly.
02:38But wait a minute.
02:40Isn't the central part of Mexico filled with the highest mountains in the country?
02:44This area is filled with plateaus and valleys
02:46and is located at altitudes of 2,000 meters or more.
02:50It is as high as a ski resort in Aspen, Colorado.
02:54So why the hell is everyone still living here?
02:58It turns out that these are good mountains.
03:01As they are so high,
03:02they block the heat of the desert and tropical areas.
03:05In this way, they create fresher, drier and more temperate climates.
03:10The soil here is very fertile and ideal for agriculture.
03:13All this thanks to an unexpected rebound.
03:16Many of the surrounding mountains are actually volcanoes.
03:20Volcanoes, although terrifying, can also be very useful.
03:24They have erupted for millions of years
03:26and when they do, they mix rich minerals in the soil.
03:30They are like natural fertilizers.
03:32So the soil here is perfect for growing crops,
03:36in particular cereals rich in calories, such as corn.
03:40This is why we receive so much corn, or corn, from Mexico.
03:44In addition, many volcanic areas have hot natural sources
03:48where people can relax and enjoy a hot bath.
03:51Finally, the mountains help reduce the spread of viruses and insects.
03:56This is one of the reasons why Mesoamerica
03:58has become one of the first birthplaces of civilization in history.
04:02Thousands of years ago, the old city of Teotihuacan flourished there.
04:06This city reached a population of at least 125,000 people,
04:10larger than Monaco or Liechtenstein.
04:13It was one of the largest cities in the world at the time.
04:17During the Aztec Empire, this region housed five large lakes
04:20and numerous rivers that provided a lot of fresh water for agriculture.
04:25In addition, people used boats to transport goods.
04:29This stimulated trade and cultural growth.
04:33But living in the mountains is still not perfect.
04:36Only about 12% of Mexico's land is suitable for agriculture.
04:41Thus, people mainly grow in the central volcanic valleys
04:45where they have lived for centuries.
04:48In addition, due to the high altitude,
04:50the rivers flow from the mountains to the ocean.
04:53Gravity plays its part and the currents accelerate and become stronger.
04:57Because of this, there is no good flow transport between Mexico and the ocean.
05:02Rivers are too dangerous for ships.
05:04Instead, people have to rely on more expensive methods
05:08such as roads, railways and planes.
05:11Veracruz was once the local star port.
05:14It was located in the only safe and calm place on the Gulf of Mexico.
05:18Since it was the only natural port a few kilometers along the flat coast of Mexico,
05:23it was super important.
05:25Not only for the locals, but also a target of choice for the invaders.
05:30And if the mountains could somehow keep the heart of Mexico safe,
05:34protecting the coastal areas was more difficult because of them.
05:37Connecting Veracruz to Mexico was a huge headache.
05:42And don't forget that living near volcanoes is always scary.
05:45From time to time, they do whims and start spitting lava, ashes and smoke everywhere.
05:51It's extremely dangerous.
05:52So the inhabitants have to evacuate to ensure the safety of everyone.
05:57A famous volcanic event occurred in 1943 with the Paricutin volcano.
06:03Imagine the surprise of a farmer when a volcano suddenly erupted in the middle of his corn field.
06:09The volcano quickly grew and buried two villages under the lava and ashes.
06:15Most of the inhabitants managed to evacuate in time, but not all.
06:20Another dramatic event was the El Chichon eruption in 1982.
06:25This eruption was a big surprise and caused a lot of destruction.
06:30Finally, there is the Popocatépetl volcano.
06:32In Aztec language, this name means mountain that smokes.
06:37People affectionately call it El Popo.
06:39This volcano is still active and quite close to Mexico.
06:42El Popo often lets out steam and ashes, reminding everyone that it is indeed alive.
06:48And living near El Popo always means being ready for something to happen.
06:53In addition, the reason why there are volcanoes is because the local tectonic plates are quite active.
06:58The ground likes to move, which means that earthquakes are not uncommon here either.
07:04Well, at least the climate in the central band is pleasant,
07:07so modern construction materials such as concrete and asphalt thrive here.
07:12Finally, we can build roads, can't we?
07:15Oops!
07:16No matter, due to the altitude, the inhabitants managed to build the first railway in the 19th century.
07:22During this time, the United States had already built more than 80,000 km of railroads at the time.
07:28Can you imagine?
07:29As Mexico looks like a puzzle of separate valleys,
07:32it is very difficult to build roads and railways across the mountains.
07:36Fundamentally, there is no good way to transport goods to the country.
07:41But some cities have found a way to thrive outside the central band.
07:46Chihuahua is one of the largest cities in Mexico, and it is doing pretty well.
07:50It sells good automotive and electronic industries.
07:54It is probably because it is connected to the American border, which really helps trade.
07:59Hermosillo is also located in the desert.
08:02But fortunately, it is just next to the Gulf of California.
08:05So the temperatures are not so terrible.
08:08In addition, it helps maritime trade.
08:11In this city, they even invented advanced irrigation techniques that make the desert flourish.
08:17In addition, Hermosillo is a major center for the aerospace industry.
08:22However, Mexico continues to remain the vital center of the country,
08:26and it is one of the largest megacities in the world, with more than 22 million inhabitants.
08:30But it is difficult for the central government of Mexico to control this mosaic of countries.
08:35Trade between the central valleys and the northern deserts or the southern jungles is very difficult.
08:40And supporting the economy can be a little frustrating.