Oubliez le Mégalodon, ces créatures ressemblant à des extraterrestres règnent dans les profondeurs

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Transcript

00:00:00Do you think you know what is hidden in the depths of the ocean?

00:00:04While nearly 95% of our oceans have not yet been explored,

00:00:08it is difficult not to let your imagination run wild.

00:00:11But thanks to brave explorers,

00:00:14underwater cameras and formidable archaeologists,

00:00:17we know of some incredible marine creatures

00:00:20that have lived in our waters today and for millions of years.

00:00:23From the 2.7-meter-long sea spider

00:00:26to the 18-meter-long prehistoric megalodon,

00:00:29the inhabitants of the sea are of all shapes and sizes.

00:00:32But let's focus on the underwater creatures

00:00:35famous for their gigantic size.

00:00:38Can you guess which living species of whale is the largest?

00:00:41Well, it's not the orca, but it could have been, yes.

00:00:44Orcas are toothed whales that can reach a size of 7 to 9.8 meters,

00:00:49which is slightly smaller than a school bus.

00:00:52And the narwhal?

00:00:54No, they're not the biggest either.

00:00:57These sea unicorns mainly live in arctic waters

00:01:00and are between 4 and 6 meters long,

00:01:03not to mention their 2.7-meter-long defense.

00:01:06Tired of looking?

00:01:08Okay, I'll drop it.

00:01:10The largest whale still in existence today is the blue whale,

00:01:14with its 25 to 32 meters.

00:01:17The blue whale is not only the largest whale we know,

00:01:21but also the largest animal ever to live on Earth.

00:01:24Seriously!

00:01:26These animals are bigger than a T-Rex

00:01:29and even bigger than the prehistoric megalodon.

00:01:32If you put a blue whale next to a school bus,

00:01:35you might think it's going to swallow it.

00:01:38Imagine that!

00:01:40According to the National Geographic,

00:01:42the tongue of a blue whale can weigh as much as an elephant,

00:01:45and its heart can weigh as much as a car.

00:01:48It doesn't even seem possible.

00:01:50It's no wonder these giants have to eat about 4 tons of krill a day.

00:01:55Although there aren't many living animals today

00:01:58that can compete with the gigantic proportions of the blue whale,

00:02:01there is a species that is entirely different,

00:02:03and a good competitor.

00:02:05And it's not exactly what you might expect.

00:02:07It's a jellyfish.

00:02:09No, I'm not talking about the little jellyfish

00:02:11that drowns on the seashore

00:02:13and spends a beautiful day at the beach.

00:02:15I'm talking about the lion's mane jellyfish,

00:02:18the biggest jellyfish that exists.

00:02:20This invertebrate can reach up to 36.6 meters long.

00:02:25They also exist in different splendid colors,

00:02:28such as red, purple, or even orange shades.

00:02:32And as if their length wasn't impressive,

00:02:34the lion's mane jellyfish has 8 sets of 70 to 150 tentacles,

00:02:40which means it can have up to 1,200 in total.

00:02:45And here is the oceanic manta ray giant,

00:02:48the largest type of ray in the world.

00:02:50Their wingspan can be longer than a bus.

00:02:53These animals can reach up to 9.1 meters in length.

00:02:56They also have the largest brain

00:02:58in relation to the size of the body among all fish.

00:03:02Unlike their cousins rays,

00:03:04mantas have no venomous tails.

00:03:07And while the lion's mane jellyfish

00:03:09and the blue whale have not yet been named

00:03:11the longest marine creature,

00:03:13there is a marine creature

00:03:15that can become even larger in length.

00:03:18The Portuguese galley, with its tentacles,

00:03:21can reach a length of 50 meters,

00:03:24according to mentalfloss.com.

00:03:27Although this thing looks like a jellyfish,

00:03:30it is actually a siphonophore.

00:03:32And there are hundreds,

00:03:34if not thousands,

00:03:35that are genetically identical.

00:03:39Their long tentacles help the organism

00:03:41to catch its prey,

00:03:43and their bite is deadly for most animals,

00:03:45and even for humans in some cases.

00:03:47What is even more frightening

00:03:49is that if one of the tentacles

00:03:51detaches from the organism for some reason,

00:03:53it can float in the water for days

00:03:55before decomposing.

00:03:57Even if it detaches,

00:03:59this tentacle can still bite you.

00:04:01But don't run away from the ocean right away.

00:04:04The chances of being injured

00:04:06by a Portuguese galley bite

00:04:08are rather slim.

00:04:10However, if you get bitten,

00:04:12the side effects are not nice to see,

00:04:14with clots, stomach cramps,

00:04:16a high heart rate

00:04:18and stomach pain.

00:04:20Even if you don't want to get close

00:04:22to these long creatures,

00:04:24they are really beautiful to look at.

00:04:26Look at all these colors.

00:04:28The chastasaurus is the largest marine reptile

00:04:31that has ever existed.

00:04:33These predators lived at the end of the Triassic,

00:04:36about 210 million years ago.

00:04:38These incredible giants

00:04:40could reach a length of 21 meters

00:04:42and weigh more than 75 tons.

00:04:44The chastasaurus was therefore

00:04:46as heavy as a blue whale.

00:04:48And if you could put this creature

00:04:50vertically, it would be as high

00:04:52as a seven-story building.

00:04:54Despite appearances,

00:04:56it was actually quite small for its size.

00:04:59Its thoracic cage was only 2 meters wide.

00:05:02One might think that this giant

00:05:04would devour other dinosaurs,

00:05:06but this is not at all the case.

00:05:08This reptile survived

00:05:10thanks to a diet made up of

00:05:12small fish and cephalopods,

00:05:14such as octopuses and calamari.

00:05:18The albertonectus is an excellent

00:05:20representative of the plesiosaur family,

00:05:22which means that this marine reptile

00:05:24had a small head on an incredibly long neck

00:05:27and large members in the shape of fins

00:05:29that helped it move in the water.

00:05:31These creatures occupied the seas

00:05:33around North America

00:05:3576 to 70 million years ago.

00:05:37The length of this sea monster

00:05:39could reach 11.5 meters,

00:05:41the neck being 7 meters long.

00:05:45Its neck broke all records.

00:05:47It had 76 bones.

00:05:50No other known animal in humanity

00:05:52had so many vertebrae in its neck.

00:05:55Scientists do not know exactly

00:05:57why they needed such a long neck.

00:06:00They may have used it to pick up

00:06:02shells on the seabed

00:06:04or to capture their main prey,

00:06:06fish and calamari.

00:06:08This aquatic reptile also had

00:06:10gastrolytes in the stomach,

00:06:12some of which could reach

00:06:14a diameter of 14 centimeters.

00:06:17The ptilosaurus belonged to the

00:06:19mosasaur family.

00:06:21It dominated the shallow seas

00:06:23of North America about 85 to 80 million years ago.

00:06:27It was a huge predator,

00:06:29whose largest representatives

00:06:31reached 13 meters long.

00:06:33It had a narrow hydrodynamic body

00:06:35and a foamy and powerful head

00:06:37that it used to prey on its prey.

00:06:40Its body was equipped with agile fins

00:06:42and a long tail

00:06:44decorated with a fin easy to maneuver.

00:06:47The ptilosaurus was a carnivore

00:06:49and its diet included not only

00:06:51fish, turtles and small sharks,

00:06:53but also other mosasaurs,

00:06:55plesiosaurs and birds

00:06:57unable to fly.

00:06:59Here is the ophthalmosaurus.

00:07:01This prehistoric reptile

00:07:03lived at the end of the Jurassic period

00:07:05in the oceans of the world.

00:07:09It weighed about 2,722 kg

00:07:11and was about 4.9 meters long,

00:07:13according to the site

00:07:15newdinosaurs.com.

00:07:17It is about the same length

00:07:19as the beluga today.

00:07:21It is a shame that these animals

00:07:23went extinct before we had the chance

00:07:25to see them ourselves,

00:07:27because their caricatured big eyes

00:07:29and their dolphin features are rather cute.

00:07:31Of course, the ophthalmosaurus

00:07:33evolved over time

00:07:35to become an ophthalmologist

00:07:37or an eye doctor,

00:07:39as we know them today.

00:07:41No, it's not true,

00:07:43I just wanted to see your reaction.

00:07:45The mosasaur is a truly gigantic predator

00:07:47that dominated the seas of the world

00:07:49about 66 million years ago.

00:07:51According to fossil evidence,

00:07:53some specimens could measure

00:07:55more than 15 meters long.

00:07:57This makes it the largest

00:07:59marine carnivore of its time.

00:08:01One of the most terrifying aspects

00:08:03of this creature was its crocodile head,

00:08:05decorated with hundreds of sharp teeth

00:08:07like razors,

00:08:09arranged in two rows

00:08:11on both jaws.

00:08:13The fact is that it was quite difficult

00:08:15for the mosasaur to catch its prey

00:08:17in the water.

00:08:19That's why it had all its teeth

00:08:21as well as a particularity,

00:08:23pterygoid teeth anchored

00:08:25on the waters of the palace.

00:08:27This made hunting

00:08:29The stixosaurus belonged

00:08:31to the plesiosaur family

00:08:33and lived at the end of the Cretaceous

00:08:35about 85 to 70 million years ago.

00:08:37At first glance,

00:08:39you could confuse this dinosaur

00:08:41with a sea snake,

00:08:43and it would be understandable

00:08:45to make this mistake.

00:08:47The stixosaurus measured

00:08:49about 10.6 meters long,

00:08:51but their snake-shaped long neck

00:08:53measured more than 4 meters.

00:08:55They had a relatively small body

00:08:57Their mouth was full of pointed

00:08:59and conical teeth that they used

00:09:01to catch fish.

00:09:03They did not need to chew their prey

00:09:05thanks to the 200 small stones

00:09:07called gastroliths in their bellies

00:09:09that probably helped them digest.

00:09:11At the same time,

00:09:13some scientists think that the stixosaurus

00:09:15used its stones to sink

00:09:17to the bottom of the ocean

00:09:19in search of a particular type of fish.

00:09:21For me, it looks a bit like the Loch Ness monster,

00:09:23doesn't it?

00:09:25It was one of the largest

00:09:27and most dangerous hunters

00:09:29to have ever lived on Earth,

00:09:31as well as the largest shark ever.

00:09:33But about 3 to 6 million years ago,

00:09:35the last member of its species

00:09:37disappeared from our planet,

00:09:39leaving only huge teeth

00:09:41that modern archaeologists

00:09:43continue to find.

00:09:45There are some theories

00:09:47about the reasons for this disappearance,

00:09:49but scientists may have found

00:09:51the real reason.

00:09:53The megalodon, which means big teeth,

00:09:55was the largest shark ever.

00:09:57It would have lived

00:09:59between 3.6 and 20 million years ago

00:10:01and was truly huge.

00:10:03Its bite was more powerful

00:10:05than that of a T-Rex

00:10:07and probably than any other powerful predator

00:10:09that has ever wandered this planet.

00:10:11This is not surprising,

00:10:13since this marine creature had extremely powerful jaws

00:10:15capable of reaching

00:10:17more than 3 meters,

00:10:19enough to swallow two adult men.

00:10:21This jaw

00:10:23was also filled with 276 teeth

00:10:25and it measured

00:10:27up to 18 centimeters long.

00:10:29It's as big as a little hedgehog.

00:10:31Once these teeth were worn out,

00:10:33the shark got rid of them

00:10:35and grew new ones.

00:10:37These large striated teeth

00:10:39allowed the shark to easily consume meat.

00:10:41The shark itself

00:10:43could reach 18 meters long,

00:10:45which is twice the length

00:10:47of an Imperial London bus.

00:10:49It was also very heavy.

00:10:51While an adult T-Rex weighed about 8 tons,

00:10:53the weight of a large megalodon

00:10:55could reach more than 30 tons.

00:10:57Devoid of competitors,

00:10:59the huge shark was the real king of the oceans.

00:11:01It tracked other sharks,

00:11:03big fish and even whales.

00:11:05So why did such a majestic creature

00:11:07disappear from the surface of the Earth?

00:11:09Previous theories

00:11:11mentioned the great white shark.

00:11:13The megalodon is generally described

00:11:15as a gigantic version of this marine animal.

00:11:17And it's a widespread mistake

00:11:19because most people think

00:11:21that these creatures were related.

00:11:23But in reality,

00:11:25the megalodon looked more like

00:11:27a modern bulldog shark.

00:11:29Its muzzle was short,

00:11:31its lower jaw was rather flat

00:11:33and its long pectoral fins

00:11:35supported the weight of the animal.

00:11:37But the most important thing

00:11:39is that the ancestors of today's great white sharks

00:11:41existed at the same time as the megalodon.

00:11:43Except that a large size

00:11:45is usually paired with a large malady.

00:11:47And if the megalodon was as huge

00:11:49as powerful,

00:11:51it was not as agile as the great white sharks.

00:11:53Smaller and faster,

00:11:55the great white sharks

00:11:57would have been able to rival

00:11:59the megalodon for food

00:12:01and were often better hunters

00:12:03thanks to their agility.

00:12:05They obviously could not face a megalodon,

00:12:07but they were fast enough

00:12:09to chip its food.

00:12:11According to this theory,

00:12:13megalodons could therefore feed more

00:12:15than whales and other comparable

00:12:17size marine animals.

00:12:19Adult megalodons could easily

00:12:21come to the end of such beasts,

00:12:23but their offspring were much

00:12:25more frail and vulnerable than their parents.

00:12:27Could small sharks have been

00:12:29part of this situation?

00:12:31Maybe when the megalodons

00:12:33were still small,

00:12:35they became the meal of the great white sharks,

00:12:37as well as the bulldog sharks

00:12:39and the tiger sharks.

00:12:41The great white shark could reach

00:12:43a length of 6 meters,

00:12:45while a juvenile megalodon

00:12:47was much smaller.

00:12:49But even if there was no open confrontation

00:12:51between young megalodons

00:12:53and smaller adult sharks,

00:12:55young people could not find

00:12:57enough to eat to reach adulthood.

00:12:59The reason is the same,

00:13:01the population of other sharks

00:13:03increased and they rivaled

00:13:05each other and with the megalodons

00:13:07to find food.

00:13:09In the end,

00:13:11they probably starved to death.

00:13:13But this is just one of the theories

00:13:15that tries to explain

00:13:17the extinction of megalodons.

00:13:19Here is another one.

00:13:21A new study has shown

00:13:23that the megalodon was

00:13:25most likely a hot-blooded predator,

00:13:27capable of regulating

00:13:29its body temperature.

00:13:31This may be the reason why

00:13:33this species disappeared over time.

00:13:35Scientists analyzed the isotopes

00:13:37of the megalodon and concluded

00:13:39that the animal could easily maintain

00:13:41a body temperature higher

00:13:43than about 7 degrees

00:13:45at the temperature of the surrounding water.

00:13:47Such a temperature difference

00:13:49is much more important than that enjoyed

00:13:51by other sharks living at the same time

00:13:53as the megalodon.

00:13:55And it is large enough

00:13:57for the former predator to be classified

00:13:59among the hot-blooded animals.

00:14:01Today, most fish are cold-blooded.

00:14:03Their body temperature is the same

00:14:05as that of the surrounding water.

00:14:07But some sharks, like the lamniformes,

00:14:09keep the temperature of all parts

00:14:11of their bodies a little higher

00:14:13than that of the surrounding water.

00:14:15This does not make them hot-blooded,

00:14:17because they only store the heat

00:14:19generated by their muscles.

00:14:21In mammals, the body temperature

00:14:23is regulated by a special region

00:14:25of the brain called the hypothalamus.

00:14:27In any case, the hotter body

00:14:29of the megalodon allowed the animal

00:14:31to move faster,

00:14:33to transport cold water

00:14:35and to spread throughout the world.

00:14:37But in the end,

00:14:39it could have led to their loss.

00:14:41The megalodon lived at the time of the Pleiocene.

00:14:43It began about 5.3 million years ago

00:14:45and ended 2.5 million years ago.

00:14:47During this period,

00:14:49a global cooling occurred.

00:14:51It also caused changes

00:14:53in the sea level,

00:14:55which the megalodon

00:14:57probably did not survive.

00:14:59The main problem of the predator

00:15:01is a constant level of energy

00:15:03that allows its body temperature

00:15:05to remain high.

00:15:07But to achieve this,

00:15:09the animal had to eat a lot,

00:15:11and I say a lot,

00:15:13but it was a difficult task

00:15:15at a time when marine ecosystems

00:15:17were in full mutation

00:15:19and where they were in competition

00:15:21with newcomers such as the great white shark.

00:15:23If this theory is accurate,

00:15:25the amount of energy

00:15:27that the megalodon had to use

00:15:29This new data is very important for us.

00:15:31It shows that many marine predators

00:15:33of the modern oceans

00:15:35could also suffer the effects

00:15:37of climate change.

00:15:39By the way, have you ever heard

00:15:41that there were several SIA of people

00:15:43convinced to have seen a megalodon?

00:15:45Or at least similar monsters

00:15:47of very large size?

00:15:49And C.S. Observation

00:15:51would have been produced quite recently.

00:15:53For example, in July 1916,

00:15:55the inhabitants of New Jersey

00:15:57and the United States were terrified

00:15:59by a series of shark attacks.

00:16:01These attacks occurred during

00:16:03a raging heat wave,

00:16:05while hundreds of swimmers

00:16:07tried to cool off by the water.

00:16:09People have described the person

00:16:11responsible for all these damages

00:16:13as a giant shark,

00:16:15much larger than any other.

00:16:17Since then, scientists have wondered

00:16:19what species of shark

00:16:21was involved in this incident.

00:16:23The most common hypotheses

00:16:25are the giant white shark.

00:16:27The photo of a huge shark

00:16:29wandering in the Pacific Ocean,

00:16:31not far from the Mexican island of Guadalupe,

00:16:33was published in 1999.

00:16:35The creature was nicknamed

00:16:37Deep Blue.

00:16:39It was distinguished from the others

00:16:41by a wavy pattern separating

00:16:43its gray back and white belly.

00:16:45Although some have claimed

00:16:47that it could be the sadly famous megalodon,

00:16:49experts have concluded

00:16:51that it was a female white shark,

00:16:53which was never observed.

00:16:55The average length of a male white shark

00:16:57is 3 to 4 meters.

00:16:59Females are larger,

00:17:01up to 4 or 5 meters.

00:17:03But Deep Blue reached a length

00:17:05of more than 6 meters.

00:17:07It is not surprising that people

00:17:09got it wrong.

00:17:11Deep Blue was last spotted

00:17:13in 2013, near the west coast

00:17:15of Baja California.

00:17:17But look, there is another giant shark

00:17:19and you can meet it

00:17:21in the Pacific Ocean.

00:17:23It can reach 12 meters long

00:17:25and weigh nearly 5 or 6 tons.

00:17:27Would it be not a megalodon

00:17:29itself, but one of its cousins?

00:17:31Once again, it is a mistake

00:17:33because it is a shark.

00:17:35This animal prefers the seas

00:17:37surrounding the poles,

00:17:39whose temperatures do not exceed

00:17:4114 degrees, even if some individuals

00:17:43sometimes migrate to warmer regions.

00:17:45Like the whale shark,

00:17:47the shark is harmless

00:17:49This creature has many

00:17:51small teeth, but it does not

00:17:53use them to feed.

00:17:55Instead, it swims with its

00:17:57mouth wide open

00:17:59and swallows plankton.

00:18:01An adult shark can filter

00:18:03nearly 2,000 tons of water

00:18:05per hour.

00:18:19This time, we are not looking

00:18:21for a megalodon or giant marine reptiles.

00:18:23It is rather a bizarre creature

00:18:25with a supernatural aspect called

00:18:27Anomalocaris.

00:18:29The name does not mean

00:18:31like the other shrimps, and you will see

00:18:33that it is well deserved.

00:18:35The creature looks like a nightmarish

00:18:37cross between a shrimp and a millipede.

00:18:39Two tentacles protruding from its face,

00:18:41each of them having sharp teeth

00:18:43like razors.

00:18:45And this thing is about the size of your leg.

00:18:47Thanks to an undulating movement

00:18:49of its fins on each side of the body,

00:18:51it was rather gracious for such a terrifying creature.

00:18:53It was also more advanced

00:18:55than any other form of life

00:18:57on the planet at the time.

00:18:59Especially when it comes to its huge eyes.

00:19:01You have a lens in each of yours.

00:19:03This giant shrimp

00:19:05had 16,000 of them,

00:19:07which is four times more than a common fly.

00:19:09And you know how good their vision is?

00:19:11Good enough to dodge your hand every time.

00:19:13All this allowed Annie to become

00:19:15one of the first animals on the planet

00:19:17to feed on other animals.

00:19:19In other words, the very first predator on Earth.

00:19:21His favorite dish

00:19:23was the trilobites.

00:19:25They are the old ancestors of crabs.

00:19:27Some of their fossils bear marks

00:19:29that have the same shape as the buccal pieces

00:19:31of the monstrous shrimps.

00:19:33These errors of the past have become

00:19:35so huge thanks to a higher amount

00:19:37of oxygen in the atmosphere.

00:19:39A perfect example of this is

00:19:41Meganeuropsis. Imagine a dragonfly

00:19:43as big as a cat.

00:19:45And with a wingspan larger than your arm.

00:19:47Megane, the dragonfly

00:19:49of the size of a monster, could easily

00:19:51catch other insects or even small animals.

00:19:53And she was flying

00:19:55with fast movements.

00:19:57At the time, there were no big birds

00:19:59or other aerial enemies

00:20:01for this monstrous creature.

00:20:03So it was safe and free to develop

00:20:05as widely as this planet

00:20:07allowed it.

00:20:09The piranhas of the past

00:20:11had a monstrous size.

00:20:13The mega piranhas were about

00:20:15three times larger than today's carnivorous fish.

00:20:17Their bite force

00:20:19was about the same as that of a tiger,

00:20:21knowing that its striped felines

00:20:23bite twice as hard as lions.

00:20:25This means that

00:20:27not only did they probably eat

00:20:29other fish and terrestrial creatures

00:20:31that were too close to the water,

00:20:33but they could also easily attack

00:20:35big unlucky turtles

00:20:37and other carapace creatures.

00:20:39And, fun fact,

00:20:41modern piranhas bark like dogs

00:20:43when they are about to confront

00:20:45even if it sounds more like a frog.

00:20:47But then,

00:20:49what could the roar

00:20:51of their giant cousins look like?

00:20:53What would you say about giant sea scorpions

00:20:55the size of your bed?

00:20:57Go back about 460 million years

00:20:59and you will see some.

00:21:01But watch out for this tail.

00:21:03Scientists still don't know

00:21:05if these creatures could use it

00:21:07to attack peninsulas like modern scorpions.

00:21:09But in doubt,

00:21:11it is better not to get too close.

00:21:13And then there is this guy,

00:21:15Terizinosaurus.

00:21:17Teri looked like a finger with long arms,

00:21:19measuring about two floors high

00:21:21and longer than

00:21:23that of a bus.

00:21:25These arms gave the T-Rex

00:21:27an even more compact appearance

00:21:29since each one was 2 meters long,

00:21:31almost triple that of the T-Rex.

00:21:33And at the end,

00:21:35they looked like razors,

00:21:37the size of your entire arm.

00:21:39But don't worry too much about these long claws.

00:21:41Teri probably used them

00:21:43to dig in giant termite nests.

00:21:45This huge reptilian jaw

00:21:47was indeed more interested

00:21:49in insects and plants.

00:21:51Megaterium is another megamonster.

00:21:53This lazy giant could look

00:21:55a giraffe straight in the eye

00:21:57and weigh as much as a hippopotamus.

00:21:59It mainly moved on its hind legs

00:22:01and used its massive tail as a support.

00:22:03It had huge legs

00:22:05with colossal claws

00:22:07the size of a knife.

00:22:09The lazy one could use them

00:22:11to defend itself from its enemies

00:22:13and to fold the branches of trees

00:22:15in search of food.

00:22:17But the biggest danger for the lazy giant

00:22:19was not the dinosaurs

00:22:21or the saber-toothed tigers.

00:22:23It was our own species.

00:22:25Yes, humans arrived just in time

00:22:27to meet this guy

00:22:29and to decimate him.

00:22:31It was a terrifying 15-meter snake

00:22:33as long as the Megalodon itself.

00:22:35It was also twice as heavy

00:22:37as the heavyweight champion

00:22:39among today's snakes,

00:22:41the green anaconda.

00:22:43Crocodiles were regularly

00:22:45on this snake's menu.

00:22:47The Titanoboa could swim

00:22:49three times faster than the fastest

00:22:51Olympic swimmer our species has ever seen.

00:22:53It was also faster and more dangerous

00:22:55in the water than outside.

00:22:57And don't forget the Boa part

00:22:59of its name.

00:23:01This massive snake was not venomous

00:23:03but it loved tightness.

00:23:05Do you remember

00:23:07this giant shrimp from earlier?

00:23:09Well, Opabinia could be

00:23:11its little cousin but

00:23:13the size of a finger.

00:23:15And instead of two tentacles,

00:23:17this thing had a kind of vacuum tube

00:23:19coming out of its face.

00:23:21At the end of this trunk,

00:23:23it had what looks like a crab claw.

00:23:25Add five eyes and a mouth

00:23:27under its head and you will have

00:23:29the portrait of a creature

00:23:31that seems to come from another planet.

00:23:33Except that it really lived on Earth.

00:23:35This creature used its trunk

00:23:37like an elephant.

00:23:39Its claw caught the food

00:23:41at the bottom of the ocean

00:23:43and brought it to its mouth.

00:23:45It was so weird that apparently

00:23:47when the scientist who discovered it

00:23:49presented his findings to an audience,

00:23:51they all laughed as if they were joking.

00:23:53And now a real-life monster,

00:23:55the monster Tully.

00:23:57From afar, it looks a bit like

00:23:59the Loch Ness monster, Nessie,

00:24:01with its long neck and its teethed jaws.

00:24:03But get closer and you will see

00:24:05that it is rather a long nose

00:24:07with a mouth attached to the end,

00:24:09like a mosquito.

00:24:11Its eyes are further away

00:24:13and come out of tubes in the shape of snails.

00:24:15Tully was an old mollusk

00:24:17the size of your forearm.

00:24:19It probably fed on jellyfish and shrimp

00:24:21300 million years ago.

00:24:23Its nose will make you smile

00:24:25as long as you don't get too close.

00:24:27No, it's not a cousin of the saber-toothed tiger.

00:24:29It's a marsupial, which makes it

00:24:31closer to a kangaroo than anything else.

00:24:33And if we bring them back to the size of its body,

00:24:35its claws were actually longer

00:24:37than those of a saber-toothed tiger.

00:24:39And they kept growing.

00:24:41As for this beard on its chin,

00:24:43it's actually all its chin.

00:24:45The bone of the lower jaw

00:24:47grew to a point

00:24:49located under the mouth.

00:24:51Its holes were rooted in the skull

00:24:53and went up to its eyes.

00:24:55When the mouth was closed,

00:24:57this bone beard protected the long, pointed teeth

00:24:59from rupture.

00:25:01Stagonolepis may have looked like

00:25:03a big crocodile with a crushed muzzle,

00:25:05but it was mostly harmless.

00:25:07Its small head and its small number of teeth

00:25:09left the reptile quite unarmed to protect itself.

00:25:11But that's what

00:25:13all these armored scales were for.

00:25:15And no need for huge holes

00:25:17or long rows of teeth

00:25:19to kill a plant eater.

00:25:21The tip of its beak-shaped muzzle

00:25:23allowed the stagonolepis

00:25:25to dig out plants.

00:25:27So, in reality,

00:25:29this reptile looked more like a 3-meter-long

00:25:31hedgehog.

00:25:33The basilosaurus was an ancient whale

00:25:35that lived on our planet

00:25:37about 45 million years ago.

00:25:39It wasn't as big as a blue whale,

00:25:41but still big enough to feed

00:25:43other whales and even sharks.

00:25:45Some people think these monsters

00:25:47could still exist today.

00:25:49Eyewitnesses claim

00:25:51they saw a giant sea dragon.

00:25:53And the basilosaurus

00:25:55matches the description.

00:25:57In addition, 90% of our oceans

00:25:59are still unexplored,

00:26:01which makes a lot of room to hide a sea monster,

00:26:03no matter how big it is.

00:26:05But scientists have not found fossils

00:26:07of this ancient whale

00:26:09less than 3.7 million years old.

00:26:11This myth is therefore destroyed.

00:26:13The stegosaurus is one of the most recognizable

00:26:15species that has ever lived.

00:26:17It is easily distinguished by the enormous

00:26:19tips of its tail and the bone plates

00:26:21on its back.

00:26:23It was twice as big as a giraffe

00:26:25and almost five times heavier.

00:26:27But compared to its size,

00:26:29it had the smallest brain in the world.

00:26:31It was not bigger than a dog.

00:26:33Pelagornis had the largest wings

00:26:35of all the birds ever discovered.

00:26:37It was twice as big as

00:26:39today's biggest bird,

00:26:41the albatross howler.

00:26:43It could only take off

00:26:45by jumping off cliffs.

00:26:47And when it finally deployed its wings,

00:26:49this giant could only fly

00:26:51at about 65 km per hour.

00:26:53Today's fastest bird

00:26:55can reach a speed five times higher.

00:26:59Do you want to give a high-five

00:27:01to a marine creature?

00:27:03Well, raise your swimsuit,

00:27:05or rather your hand,

00:27:07for the Tasmanian red-handed fish.

00:27:09This fish does not swim, it walks.

00:27:11It has the shape of a swimsuit

00:27:13to walk on the bottom of the ocean.

00:27:15And it is very often disturbed

00:27:17by swimmers and boats.

00:27:19Some people even want to

00:27:21carry it as a pet.

00:27:23But it is better to give them

00:27:25a simple sign of the hand

00:27:27and continue to swim.

00:27:29The vampire of the abysses.

00:27:31Its scientific name is

00:27:33Vampirotetis infernalis,

00:27:35which translates as

00:27:37hell's vampire squid.

00:27:39With its name, its dark red color,

00:27:41its spikes, and the frightening fact

00:27:43that it can turn inside

00:27:45like a sock.

00:27:47It loves to show off,

00:27:49but it is as harmless

00:27:51as a kitten for humans.

00:27:53It's as if Dracula was scaring you,

00:27:55but he didn't have any claws to suck your blood.

00:27:57The vampire of the abysses

00:27:59feeds on food particles

00:28:01from plants and animal materials

00:28:03floating near the surface of the ocean.

00:28:05As it is not a predator,

00:28:07it has an effective defensive strategy.

00:28:09And its vampiric appearance

00:28:11is designed to ward off

00:28:13the big creatures that want to eat it.

00:28:15Retracting is also a defensive mechanism

00:28:17because the iridescent areas of the inner skin

00:28:19are more intimidating.

00:28:21It also expels a substance

00:28:23that has no color,

00:28:25but which is filled with bioluminescent particles

00:28:27to distract predators.

00:28:29The Martian of the Pacific.

00:28:31Going on a cruise along the Mexican coast

00:28:33seems to be the perfect holiday recipe.

00:28:35The sun, turquoise water,

00:28:37the most threatened marine creature.

00:28:39Wait, what?

00:28:41The Martian of the Pacific

00:28:43is not dangerous,

00:28:45but don't expect it to stay in the parishes

00:28:47to say hello or sign autographs.

00:28:49It is incredibly shy.

00:28:51This little cow,

00:28:53which is the meaning of its name in Spanish,

00:28:55Vaquita,

00:28:57is a tiny marine mammal.

00:28:59With its black marks around the eyes,

00:29:01it looks more like a sea panda.

00:29:03Seeing one is a good luck.

00:29:05They are on the brink of extinction,

00:29:07especially because they accidentally

00:29:09get caught in the fishing nets.

00:29:11It is estimated that there are only 10 left

00:29:13in the wild.

00:29:15The blue dragon.

00:29:17This little creature seems to come

00:29:19out of a fantasy film for children.

00:29:21It is the Atlantic glaucus,

00:29:23also called the blue dragon

00:29:25or sea urchin,

00:29:27which can be found in the Atlantic,

00:29:29Pacific and Indian Oceans.

00:29:31It is only 3 cm long.

00:29:33What you think is its back

00:29:35is actually the shiny belly of the mollusk.

00:29:37It floats regularly on its back

00:29:39so that its blue colors help it

00:29:41to camouflage itself in the waves.

00:29:43The blue dragon is not only pretty,

00:29:45it is also intelligent.

00:29:47It usually feeds on the Portuguese gallery,

00:29:49also known as Fisali.

00:29:51The blue dragon stores

00:29:53the urticantic cells of the latter

00:29:55to use them later.

00:29:57In a way, it flies

00:29:59defensively.

00:30:01When the blue dragon is threatened,

00:30:03it releases the urticantic cells

00:30:05it has stored and directs them

00:30:07to the enemy to sting it

00:30:09with a power superior

00:30:11to that of Fisali.

00:30:13As it can store a huge amount

00:30:15of urticantic cells,

00:30:17it can be a threat to humans.

00:30:19So if you see one,

00:30:21don't pick it up.

00:30:23It is preferable to admire it from afar.

00:30:25The returning one lives

00:30:27on the other side of the ocean.

00:30:29It is a good question.

00:30:31Since the species was discovered

00:30:33in 1939,

00:30:35it was thought that it had such eyes

00:30:37to see right in front of it

00:30:39without being able to make any movement.

00:30:41It was therefore assumed

00:30:43that its vision was a tunnel.

00:30:45But scientists Bruce Robinson

00:30:47and Kim Reisenbichler

00:30:49of the Aquarium Research Institute

00:30:51in Monterrey Bay

00:30:53recently discovered that the fish

00:30:55live on the top of its translucent head

00:30:57and thus notice if there are predators

00:30:59or prey nearby.

00:31:01The transparent head also allows

00:31:03more light to enter

00:31:05so that it can better detect prey.

00:31:07It is thought that the returning one

00:31:09feeds on jellyfish and small species of fish.

00:31:11If you dive in the ocean at night,

00:31:13you may have the chance

00:31:15to see how the coralimorph

00:31:17orange hen flourishes in the dark.

00:31:19But make sure you are quick

00:31:21because as soon as you turn on

00:31:23the light to look at it,

00:31:25it will retract its tubes inside.

00:31:27The Megalodon

00:31:29The whale shark is not the largest

00:31:31known human shark.

00:31:33If all species of sharks

00:31:35formed a kingdom,

00:31:37the prehistoric Megalodon

00:31:39would be the undisputed sovereign.

00:31:41The Megalodon crossed the ocean

00:31:43a very long time ago,

00:31:45about 15.9 to 2.6 million years ago

00:31:47between the beginning of the Miocene

00:31:49and the end of the Pliocene.

00:31:51Scientists are always surprised

00:31:53to learn about the existence

00:31:55of these gigantic marine creatures.

00:31:57The Megalodon could reach a length

00:31:59of 14 to 18 meters

00:32:01and its jaws more than 1.8 meters wide.

00:32:03A fossil of a tooth belonging

00:32:05to a Megalodon measured 18 centimeters.

00:32:07It is reassuring to know

00:32:09that these animals have disappeared

00:32:11for a long time,

00:32:13but there are still adventurers

00:32:15who hope to meet this monster one day.

00:32:17The Dumbo octopus

00:32:19or scary creature,

00:32:21everything depends on the way you see it,

00:32:23is officially called Grimpotitus.

00:32:25More simply,

00:32:27it is called the Dumbo octopus,

00:32:29the name of the Disney character.

00:32:31Although Dumbo, the elephant,

00:32:33not the octopus,

00:32:35has been mocked for its large ears,

00:32:37it is very unlikely that this octopus

00:32:39is mocked by its aquatic neighbors.

00:32:41These are the deepest octopuses,

00:32:43which live in the most abyssal depths

00:32:45of the sea, and you know

00:32:47they only measure about 20 centimeters

00:32:49and spend their day wandering

00:32:51just above the bottom,

00:32:53eating snails, worms

00:32:55and other foods they find

00:32:57in the current or in the deep.

00:32:59There are about 17 species of Dumbo octopuses

00:33:01and they all have different sizes,

00:33:03colors and body parts.

00:33:07If you do not get tired of strange animals,

00:33:09you will be happy to learn

00:33:11that the depths of the sea

00:33:13have hardly been explored by humans,

00:33:15other fascinating animals

00:33:17of the depths will certainly be discovered

00:33:19in the future.

00:33:21The sea angel.

00:33:23These marine creatures look rather cute,

00:33:25but their diet

00:33:27is not.

00:33:29Their favorite food is sea butterflies.

00:33:31They try to trap them in mucus

00:33:33and wait for them to take them in ambush.

00:33:37The anemone squat shrimp.

00:33:39This shrimp is tiny,

00:33:41it only measures 1.3 centimeters long.

00:33:43It is also known as a dancing shrimp

00:33:45because of its particular behavior.

00:33:47When it is agitated,

00:33:49it raises its back

00:33:51above its head and makes a little dance.

00:33:53Divers also say

00:33:55that it voluntarily jumps on their hands

00:33:57and cleans them.

00:33:59The crocodile crab.

00:34:01This crustacean can seem quite frightening,

00:34:03especially when the sun sets.

00:34:05Adult crocodile crabs

00:34:07measure about 90 centimeters long.

00:34:09They look like hermit crabs

00:34:11but they can grow.

00:34:13Their favorite food is coconut,

00:34:15but they can also hunt lizards

00:34:17and even large birds.

00:34:19The striped seal.

00:34:21The striped seal is a small and long creature

00:34:23that remains a mystery

00:34:25to marine scientists.

00:34:27It measures 122 centimeters long

00:34:29and has at least 750 bones

00:34:31in its spine,

00:34:33which is much more

00:34:35than any other animal in the world.

00:34:37The sea plume.

00:34:39The sea plume is 2.2 meters long

00:34:41and there are many varieties of it.

00:34:43But most of them look like

00:34:45a pen or a feather.

00:34:47The resemblance is even more striking

00:34:49when the animal has its bulb

00:34:51filled with water that it sticks to the ground.

00:34:53The tapestry worm.

00:34:55This creature looks like a tapestry

00:34:57although it is very small in comparison,

00:34:59measuring only 10 centimeters long.

00:35:01Able to become both male and female,

00:35:03it does not really mate

00:35:05with the other worms.

00:35:07It rather fights with them

00:35:09to carry the offspring.

00:35:11The flamingo snail.

00:35:13Tourists love these extraordinary snails

00:35:15for their pretty color,

00:35:17thinking it is a shell.

00:35:19But in reality,

00:35:21the shell is quite firm

00:35:23and hidden under colored soft tissue.

00:35:25These snails eat the soft and toxic parts

00:35:27of the corals

00:35:29and store their toxins to protect themselves.

00:35:33It was one of the largest creatures

00:35:35to have ever traveled the Earth.

00:35:37It was longer than a normal school bus

00:35:39and could easily weigh more

00:35:41than 10 elephants together.

00:35:43But where did the megalodon live?

00:35:45How did it end up having this size?

00:35:47And above all,

00:35:49why did it disappear nowadays?

00:35:51This is what we are going to discover.

00:35:53The megalodon is the largest predator

00:35:55ever known in the history of our planet.

00:35:57In terms of location,

00:35:59it lived practically in all the waters

00:36:01of our globe,

00:36:03the reason why we did not find

00:36:05any megalodon teeth in Antarctica

00:36:07is probably that the gigantic creature

00:36:09adapted only to warm,

00:36:11tropical and subtropical waters.

00:36:13The youngest liked to stay on the coast,

00:36:15while the adults preferred

00:36:17coastal areas.

00:36:19But it could also easily move in the middle of the sea.

00:36:21How do we know that the megalodon

00:36:23was so widespread?

00:36:25We can only speculate,

00:36:27based on the fact that we discovered

00:36:29the northernmost fossils,

00:36:31in Denmark,

00:36:33and the southernmost in New Zealand.

00:36:35The question of how the megalodon

00:36:37reached this size is still open

00:36:39in the scientific community.

00:36:41They recently discovered that all the specimens

00:36:43of this fascinating species

00:36:45did not have the same gigantic size.

00:36:47This is due to the Bergman rule,

00:36:49according to which the temperature

00:36:51of the ambient environment

00:36:53influences the size of the animal,

00:36:55which must maintain its heat

00:36:57or lose it.

00:36:59The megalodon, which lived in colder waters,

00:37:01probably needed more body weight

00:37:03to be sure to survive at these low temperatures.

00:37:05On the contrary, those who lived in warmer waters

00:37:07had to be smaller

00:37:09to avoid burning.

00:37:11But what did this huge fish look like?

00:37:13Most modern representations

00:37:15show the megalodon as a gigantic white shark.

00:37:17But it would seem

00:37:19that this is not necessarily accurate.

00:37:21The megalodon

00:37:23probably had a much shorter nose

00:37:25and a flatter jaw,

00:37:27compared to the large white shark.

00:37:29In addition, it had

00:37:31visibly something in common

00:37:33with the blue shark of our days.

00:37:35Extralong pectoral fins.

00:37:37They needed them to support their weight

00:37:39and their size when they sailed

00:37:41in the waters of the planet.

00:37:43Finally, the megalodon ladies

00:37:45were certainly about twice as big

00:37:47as the gentlemen.

00:37:49As for their offspring,

00:37:51even a small megalodon was huge,

00:37:53at least 1.5 meters from the nose to the tail.

00:37:55Why do we know this?

00:37:57Because specialists found

00:37:59megalodon reproduction sites

00:38:01in Panama, Maryland,

00:38:03the Canary Islands and Florida.

00:38:05Even the piles of dirty layers were huge.

00:38:07No, I'm kidding.

00:38:09The most frightening aspect

00:38:11of the appearance of the megalodon

00:38:13was certainly its mouth.

00:38:15I mean, if you think about it,

00:38:17the megalodon ate whales for dinner,

00:38:19so it obviously needed to open

00:38:21its mouth quite wide.

00:38:23It was amazing.

00:38:252.7 to 3.4 meters wide.

00:38:27To give you an idea,

00:38:29this means that it could have easily

00:38:31swallowed two adults side by side.

00:38:33Wait, what two adults?

00:38:35Its impressive jaws

00:38:37also had 276 teeth.

00:38:39According to modern reconstitutions

00:38:41of the force of its bite,

00:38:43it would seem that it was

00:38:45one of the most powerful prey animals,

00:38:47if not the most powerful

00:38:49to have ever existed.

00:38:51The bite force of humans

00:38:53can reach around 1,300 newtons.

00:38:55It is estimated that today's

00:38:57great white sharks are capable

00:38:59of biting with a force of more

00:39:01than 18,000 newtons.

00:39:03The megalodon breaks all records

00:39:05with a bite force estimated

00:39:07to be up to 10 times higher.

00:39:09It could practically crush a car

00:39:11with very little effort.

00:39:13Its teeth were also quite surprising.

00:39:15Like sharks, the megalodon

00:39:17quickly replaced its broken or worn teeth.

00:39:19With 4 or 5 rows of teeth

00:39:21in its mouth,

00:39:23it acted like a treadmill,

00:39:25pushing back the damaged or missing teeth

00:39:27in about 48 hours.

00:39:29This means that an adult megalodon

00:39:31would have probably grown

00:39:33several thousand teeth in its lifetime.

00:39:35However, it was kind of them,

00:39:37because it is precisely one of the reasons

00:39:39why megalodon teeth are so frequent

00:39:41in fossil archives and that we are

00:39:43able to study them correctly.

00:39:45To maintain its impressive physique,

00:39:47the megalodon had to eat

00:39:49approximately 1,134 kilos of food

00:39:51per day.

00:39:53You can't get used to this idea?

00:39:55Well, it was the equivalent

00:39:57of a cow and a quarter per day

00:39:59to survive.

00:40:01It's as if you had to eat

00:40:033,300 boxes of tuna per day.

00:40:05I have often used the word megalodon,

00:40:07but I have already told you

00:40:09where it came from.

00:40:11Translated from Greek,

00:40:13it means giant teeth.

00:40:15It's a little more complicated

00:40:17because Charocles is a megalodon.

00:40:19But did these gigantic predators

00:40:21really disappear?

00:40:23We would like to believe it,

00:40:25but let's be honest for a second.

00:40:27We know more about the surface of Mars

00:40:29than about the depths of our oceans.

00:40:31We have only explored

00:40:3315% of our oceans.

00:40:35Who knows what can be

00:40:37there in the depths?

00:40:39Maybe ancient predators?

00:40:41The Mariana Fault is the deepest

00:40:43oceanic fault on Earth.

00:40:45Challenger Deep,

00:40:47its deepest part,

00:40:49is so deep that we could

00:40:51dive all of Mount Everest.

00:40:53And it would still be more than

00:40:551 km above the surface.

00:40:57It's super deep.

00:40:59If a megalodon or two needed

00:41:01a place to land,

00:41:03it would be a rather discreet place.

00:41:05However, the Mariana Fault

00:41:07is not a particularly comfortable place.

00:41:09You know, because it's cold

00:41:11The temperatures here are around

00:41:132°C all year long.

00:41:15And to top it all off,

00:41:17the pressure is a thousand times

00:41:19higher than at sea level.

00:41:21We can assume that if a megalodon

00:41:23hid here, its teeth and bones

00:41:25would not be in very good condition.

00:41:27Because of the high pressure

00:41:29that reigns in the Mariana Fault,

00:41:31proteins and calcium begin to

00:41:33dissolve and disintegrate.

00:41:35This is why, for example,

00:41:37the Limas fish, the deepest fish

00:41:39ever discovered, evolved into a

00:41:41flexible cartilage instead of bones.

00:41:43To survive here,

00:41:45the megalodon would have had to

00:41:47learn to navigate in total darkness.

00:41:49This means that it would have

00:41:51become bioluminescent or evolved

00:41:53to develop huge eyes like

00:41:55the giant squid.

00:41:57Although this may seem like an

00:41:59intriguing and great idea for a

00:42:01movie script, most scientists

00:42:03don't think it's possible.

00:42:05Why? Well, most of them say

00:42:07that megalodons like to eat

00:42:09food that lives in shallow

00:42:11ocean areas and not in deep waters.

00:42:13Specialists think that if these

00:42:15animals were still living in our

00:42:17waters, it would be impossible

00:42:19for us not to know.

00:42:21They would have to come and

00:42:23eat from time to time, wouldn't they?

00:42:25Their food is also the most

00:42:27likely cause of the disappearance

00:42:29of the megalodon.

00:42:31While some specialists think

00:42:33that the megalodon went extinct

00:42:35other scientists suggest that

00:42:37the changing dynamics of the

00:42:39food chain is perhaps more

00:42:41responsible. Why? Because at

00:42:43some point, there was less and

00:42:45less of its main source of

00:42:47food, whales. And at the same

00:42:49time, the number of its natural

00:42:51competitors, such as smaller

00:42:53predatory sharks, such as

00:42:55the great white shark and whales,

00:42:57increased. The megalodon lived

00:42:59on this planet much longer than

00:43:01us, and at a time when we

00:43:03were about 70 times longer than

00:43:05modern humans, and inhabited

00:43:07the oceans for about 20 million

00:43:09years. Homo sapiens appeared

00:43:11approximately 300,000 years ago.

00:43:13The megalodon managed to survive

00:43:15so long, especially thanks to

00:43:17its unbeatable size.

00:43:19It could make a meal of almost

00:43:21everything in the sea at the time.

00:43:23We can consider these two

00:43:25species as prehistoric creatures,

00:43:27but megalodons and dinosaurs

00:43:29never coexisted on Earth.

00:43:31Dinosaurs probably died out

00:43:33about 66 million years ago.

00:43:35Megalodons seem to have appeared

00:43:37a little later. Indeed, the oldest

00:43:39fossil of megalodons that we have

00:43:41discovered so far dates from the

00:43:43time of the Miocene, which began

00:43:4523 million years ago.

00:43:47Goodbye Meg!

00:43:53There are many fish in the sea.

00:43:55Some look like Nemo

00:43:57or Dory, then there is

00:43:59the butterfly fish,

00:44:01and the charming guppy,

00:44:03which is indeed very elegant.

00:44:05And then there is...

00:44:07What is that?

00:44:09I would certainly not pay a baptism

00:44:11to dive to see this thing.

00:44:13The cod officially holds the title

00:44:15of the ugliest animal in the world.

00:44:17But I would never dare

00:44:19to tell him the news.

00:44:21There are more than 200 species

00:44:23of cod, currently lurking

00:44:25somewhere in the dark

00:44:27depths of the Atlantic and

00:44:29Antarctic Oceans, and this

00:44:31at more than 1000 meters deep.

00:44:33Some of them prefer other

00:44:35living conditions, such as

00:44:37shallow tropical waters.

00:44:39The different species of cod

00:44:41vary in shape and size,

00:44:43from the famous dragon,

00:44:45to the abyss to the frog fish,

00:44:47the otter, the bat fish,

00:44:49the soccer ball fish,

00:44:51the lofidae and the chaunacidae.

00:44:53The largest can reach half

00:44:55an inch.

00:44:57Since the options

00:44:59in terms of meals are scarce

00:45:01where they live, they had to

00:45:03develop a unique hunting technique.

00:45:05They do not waste their precious energy

00:45:07to chase potential prey.

00:45:09Instead, they use a piece

00:45:11of dorsal fin that protrudes

00:45:13from their mouths like a fishing rod.

00:45:15Hence their English name,

00:45:17Tanglerfish. At the end of this fishing rod

00:45:19is a bag of bioluminescent bacteria

00:45:21that shines in the dark.

00:45:23The light attracts the prey

00:45:25and the Tanglerfish just has to wait

00:45:27and enjoy its meal delivered

00:45:29directly in its mouth.

00:45:31The body of the Tanglerfish is large

00:45:33and flexible, which allows it to

00:45:35easily swallow prey twice its size.

00:45:37Tanglerfish of the deep

00:45:39eat everything they find.

00:45:41Species that live in less deep

00:45:43waters do not have a thin mouth either.

00:45:45They can devour everything they cross,

00:45:47shrimp to snails,

00:45:49through small fish.

00:45:51Only female Tanglerfish are endowed

00:45:53with such a fishing rod.

00:45:55But what is wrong with it?

00:45:57Finding Tanglerfish in the depths of the ocean

00:45:59is not that easy. I mean,

00:46:01there is literally no light down there.

00:46:03In addition, the temperatures are glacial

00:46:05and the oxygen rate is very low.

00:46:07Tanglerfish cannot afford

00:46:09to have many gallant

00:46:11dates in these conditions,

00:46:13so they mate for life.

00:46:15And before you find it too cute,

00:46:17it must be specified that they do it

00:46:19in a rather special way.

00:46:21Tanglerfish are much smaller

00:46:23than their dulcinea.

00:46:25The contrast is so striking

00:46:27that when researchers first

00:46:29looked into their love life,

00:46:31they thought that these males

00:46:33were actually rejections

00:46:35or albinos hanging

00:46:37next to their mother.

00:46:39Some species of Tanglerfish have

00:46:41receptors that indicate

00:46:43the presence of a female nearby.

00:46:45After mating, the dead male

00:46:47hangs on his head,

00:46:49his belly, near his tail

00:46:51or any other place they have access to.

00:46:53As they merge together forever,

00:46:55the female receives the cells,

00:46:57DNA and reproductive organs

00:46:59of the male, but loses

00:47:01its immune cells.

00:47:03The male is therefore housed

00:47:05and fed free of charge.

00:47:07Given the current prices of real estate,

00:47:09it seems to be the worst.

00:47:11But this housing is shared

00:47:13by a maximum of 8 males

00:47:15It is unlikely that you will meet

00:47:17this fish of the depths in real life.

00:47:19But if you are a fan of ARK,

00:47:21Survival, and you come across a Tanglerfish,

00:47:23do not forget that you can easily

00:47:25swim in front of it and

00:47:27stroke it with tranquilizing arrows.

00:47:29Once you have made friends with it,

00:47:31the Tanglerfish can become your light

00:47:33and help you discover new areas

00:47:35thanks to its bioluminescent capsules.

00:47:37Back in the real world,

00:47:39in the twilight zone of the ocean,

00:47:41between 200 and 1000 meters deep,

00:47:43the Tanglerfish is not the only creature

00:47:45that you are lucky to never meet.

00:47:47Many inhabitants of the region

00:47:49seem straight out of a horror movie

00:47:51or science fiction,

00:47:53but it is because they had to adapt

00:47:55to this dark and abyssal world.

00:47:57I did my best to prepare you

00:47:59for the creatures you are about to meet,

00:48:01starting with the Tanglerfish.

00:48:03The latter spends

00:48:05most of their life in the depths,

00:48:07but at night,

00:48:09they go back to the surface to feed.

00:48:11These animals are more active

00:48:13than most other inhabitants of the abyss.

00:48:15They do not wait for the food

00:48:17to come to them,

00:48:19but catch it with their long carnivorous teeth.

00:48:21As they do not have a bulb

00:48:23integrated like the Tanglerfish,

00:48:25they have developed an excellent odor

00:48:27and exploit the low light of the sun

00:48:29that they manage to disperse

00:48:31in the depths to find themselves.

00:48:33Sometimes, the shadow of a potential prey

00:48:35passing by is enough to make them

00:48:37go into action.

00:48:39Although they do not look very charming,

00:48:41they are quite harmless to humans,

00:48:43sometimes you come across one of them.

00:48:47Malacosteus seems to be the name

00:48:49of a forbidden spell,

00:48:51but it is actually another inhabitant

00:48:53of the depths,

00:48:55who has quite deafening hunting habits.

00:48:57They have special photophores

00:48:59producing light under each eye.

00:49:01These emit green and red light

00:49:03like a traffic light.

00:49:05Unlike other fish,

00:49:07Malacosteus does not see the twilight zone

00:49:09and the midnight zone

00:49:11which is between 1,000 and 4,000 meters.

00:49:13Their lower jaw

00:49:15represents a quarter of the total length

00:49:17of their body,

00:49:19and they keep it open all the time

00:49:21in the hope of getting a meal.

00:49:23It looks like a ferocious predator,

00:49:25but they prefer the zooplankton,

00:49:27with an occasional dessert of shrimp,

00:49:29krill or small fish.

00:49:31You probably did not expect to meet

00:49:33a hybrid of eel and bird,

00:49:35but Malacosteus has a beak

00:49:37similar to that of a bird,

00:49:39with curved tips.

00:49:41This beak is made of tiny teeth

00:49:43that eels use to catch

00:49:45the antennae of delicious shrimp.

00:49:47This fish is very small,

00:49:49it can reach 1.5 meters

00:49:51and does not weigh more than 200 grams.

00:49:53Researchers do not yet know

00:49:55all the secrets of this eel,

00:49:57because it is quite difficult to study it

00:49:59in its natural habitat,

00:50:01but it seems that it only reproduces

00:50:03in the wild.

00:50:05Green eels like to swim gently

00:50:07and let themselves be carried

00:50:09by the current.

00:50:11They are full of a solution of

00:50:13ammonium chloride lighter than water.

00:50:15They have no effort to move

00:50:17in the underwater depths

00:50:19in search of food and partners.

00:50:21These creatures are transparent,

00:50:23which allows them to melt

00:50:25in any landscape

00:50:27and not cast shadows

00:50:29while moving,

00:50:31in case of danger,

00:50:33this eel can turn

00:50:35into a lumpy ball

00:50:37by pushing its head

00:50:39and its tentacles

00:50:41into its paleal cavity.

00:50:43It can also release ink

00:50:45in its coat

00:50:47and go from transparency

00:50:49to a jet black.

00:50:51This same ink can protect it

00:50:53against whales

00:50:55and hungry sea birds.

00:50:57Another tactic they use

00:50:59is to move their tentacles

00:51:01in the water.

00:51:03It is a very simple

00:51:05and effective way

00:51:07to move the tentacles

00:51:09in the water,

00:51:11but it can be very dangerous

00:51:13for the eels.

00:51:15This is why

00:51:17it is very important

00:51:19to be careful

00:51:21when moving the tentacles

00:51:23in the water.

00:51:25The tentacles

00:51:27detracts the attention

00:51:29of the intruder

00:51:31and the happy conch

00:51:33continues its way

00:51:35while letting its organs

00:51:37grow back.

00:51:39What is whistling in the distance?

00:51:41It looks like someone

00:51:43dropped precious stones

00:51:45in the water.

00:51:47It is a saphirina,

00:51:49also known as

00:51:51the most beautiful animal

00:51:53we have ever seen.

00:51:55It is very bright

00:51:57and has a thousand lights.

00:51:59The secret of this magic

00:52:01is that their body

00:52:03is transparent

00:52:05and reflects the light

00:52:07differently from certain angles.

00:52:09It looks like

00:52:11it is their way

00:52:13to communicate

00:52:15with each other

00:52:17and attract partners.

00:52:19Female saphirina

00:52:21do not have the same ability

00:52:23as male saphirina.

00:52:25One of the bases

00:52:27of the SCP Foundation

00:52:29is located somewhere

00:52:31at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean.

00:52:33This top-secret place

00:52:35is ideal for securing,

00:52:37containing and protecting

00:52:39the humanity of creatures

00:52:41and bizarre, terrible

00:52:43and dangerous objects.

00:52:45Every morning,

00:52:47the staff having

00:52:49access to high-level

00:52:51scientific research

00:52:53in the area

00:52:55of the SCP Foundation

00:52:57conducts research

00:52:59in the dark.

00:53:01The object itself

00:53:03is a pale face

00:53:05without pupils

00:53:07and nose.

00:53:09It has not yet been studied,

00:53:11but represents

00:53:13an average level of danger.

00:53:15The SCP-337 object

00:53:17is an ordinary human hair mass

00:53:19We do not know what size

00:53:21the object could reach

00:53:23with an unlimited hair reserve.

00:53:25It also represents

00:53:27an average level of danger.

00:53:29The SCP-432 object

00:53:31is a small box

00:53:33with a huge network

00:53:35of tunnels and complex labyrinths

00:53:37inside.

00:53:39The object is safe

00:53:41but unexplored.

00:53:43The SCP-682 object

00:53:45is a colossal reptile

00:53:47that can withstand all damage

00:53:49and adapt to all dangers.

00:53:51It is intelligent and does not like people.

00:53:53The object is extremely dangerous

00:53:55and still unexplored.

00:53:57Stop!

00:53:59Wait a second!

00:54:01Where is the SCP-682 object?

00:54:03Its cell is empty!

00:54:05Oh no, it escaped!

00:54:07Quick, trigger the alarm!

00:54:09The huge indestructible reptile

00:54:11is hiding somewhere

00:54:13in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean.

00:54:15It is heading for the continent

00:54:17with one goal.

00:54:19Enjoy its freedom and scare people.

00:54:2110 submarines and 20 cruisers

00:54:23start patrolling the area

00:54:25using high-precision

00:54:27decolocation technologies.

00:54:29The reptile could not go far.

00:54:31A signal appears on one of the radars.

00:54:33A huge object

00:54:35floats towards the ship at high speed.

00:54:37But it is not SCP-682.

00:54:39It is something

00:54:41much bigger.

00:54:43It is the Meg,

00:54:45diminutive of Megalodon,

00:54:47an ancient giant shark.

00:54:49Megs were usually the size

00:54:51of a train wagon.

00:54:53But this shark is huge,

00:54:55the size of a Boeing airliner.

00:54:57Ships and submarines

00:54:59have disturbed this ancient monster.

00:55:01It approaches one of the cruisers

00:55:03and pierces the hull.

00:55:05The ship sinks rapidly.

00:55:07At this moment,

00:55:09another point appears on the radar.

00:55:11The reptile swims rapidly

00:55:13towards the shark.

00:55:15It observes itself for a few seconds.

00:55:17SCP-682 is much smaller

00:55:19than Megalodon.

00:55:21But it is smart and has the ability

00:55:23to regenerate and transform its body.

00:55:25In theory, SCP-682

00:55:27can easily win.

00:55:29The first reason for this

00:55:31is that it is faster than Megalodon.

00:55:33The shark swims rather slowly

00:55:35because of its size and weight.

00:55:37It lacks agility.

00:55:39It can push several fins

00:55:41and move four times faster than Megalodon.

00:55:43Another reason,

00:55:45Megalodon has only two eyes.

00:55:47It can't see anything behind it.

00:55:49SCP-682, on the other hand,

00:55:51can make several additional eyes

00:55:53appear on any part of its body

00:55:55if it wants to.

00:55:57In addition, the members of Megalodon

00:55:59are fins and a long tail.

00:56:01It only uses them for swimming.

00:56:03SCP-682 can have

00:56:05up to ten members.

00:56:07It can grab legs with claws

00:56:09or tentacles.

00:56:11It can grow arms with clenched fists

00:56:13or bone crests.

00:56:15It can attack or defend itself with them,

00:56:17grab objects or destroy them.

00:56:19But there is one thing that can help you

00:56:21defeat the reptile,

00:56:23the jaws.

00:56:25Megalodon has about 300 large pointed teeth.

00:56:27Each of them is the size

00:56:29of a human palm.

00:56:31But SCP-682

00:56:33can grow a thousand small teeth,

00:56:35like that of a piranha or a crocodile.

00:56:37In fact, the reptile can grow

00:56:39anything,

00:56:41but it can't increase its strength.

00:56:43The power of Megalodon's jaw

00:56:45is much greater.

00:56:47It can easily bite through

00:56:49the metal hull of the ship

00:56:51or firmly grab SCP-682.

00:56:53The only problem

00:56:55is that the reptile can recover

00:56:57from all the damage caused by the shark.

00:56:59In addition, it is too fast

00:57:01and can quickly escape

00:57:03The chances of success of the shark

00:57:05are minimal.

00:57:07SCP-682 has already calculated

00:57:09all the weaknesses of its enemy.

00:57:11And now, a spectacular show

00:57:13begins.

00:57:15The two monsters swim towards each other.

00:57:17Megalodon opens its mouth to catch the beast,

00:57:19but the reptile skis straight.

00:57:21The shark pushes the enemy

00:57:23with its giant tail.

00:57:25The impact force is equal to that of a

00:57:27five-story building that falls to the ground.

00:57:29SCP-682

00:57:31is propelled to the side

00:57:33and loses consciousness.

00:57:35But after a few moments, it opens its eyes again.

00:57:37The creature recovers in

00:57:39three seconds.

00:57:41Crests inserted like razors now grow on its legs.

00:57:43SCP-682

00:57:45can easily win with its members.

00:57:47It swims towards the shark,

00:57:49but at that moment,

00:57:51several solid nets fall on the reptile.

00:57:53Humans intervened.

00:57:55The reptile cuts the nets

00:57:57while the giant shark opens its mouth

00:57:59and bites the crests of SCP-682.

00:58:01Then, it catches the reptile

00:58:03in its jaws.

00:58:05In the shark's mouth,

00:58:07SCP-682 regenerates completely

00:58:09and tries to escape.

00:58:11The megalodon spits out its enemy again.

00:58:13The reptile pushes large masses of bones

00:58:15on its legs.

00:58:17It will use them like hammers.

00:58:19But the shark's thick skin offers it

00:58:21good protection, so that its

00:58:23improved limbs are useless.

00:58:25The shark feels nothing.

00:58:27The reptile tries to catch

00:58:29SCP-682 in its jaws

00:58:31once again, but the reptile

00:58:33quickly moves away while swimming.

00:58:35SCP-682 realizes

00:58:37that it won't be able to defeat the megalodon

00:58:39in open combat, so

00:58:41it shrinks until it reaches the size

00:58:43of a small salmon.

00:58:45The shark loses sight of its enemy.

00:58:47At that moment, SCP-682 swims

00:58:49in the mouth of its opponent

00:58:51and enters its stomach.

00:58:53The shark begins to panic, to agitate

00:58:55and to turn on itself.

00:58:57Something happens inside its body.

00:58:59Then, the megalodon

00:59:01spits out SCP-682

00:59:03and slowly sinks to the bottom of the sea.

00:59:05It is defeated.

00:59:07SCP-682 has won.

00:59:09It had run ahead.

00:59:11People throw nets at SCP-682,

00:59:13but they cut them

00:59:15into small pieces.

00:59:17It climbs on one of the ships and breaks it.

00:59:19People flee and jump into the water.

00:59:21SCP-682 hits

00:59:23the bridge of the ship.

00:59:25The monster wants to go to the next ship,

00:59:27but notices several large fins in the water.

00:59:29Some dots appear on the radar.

00:59:31It is now

00:59:335 megalodons.

00:59:35They arrive to avenge their friend.

00:59:37SCP-682

00:59:39jumps again in the water.

00:59:41Sharks surround it from all sides.

00:59:43They try to catch it in a row.

00:59:45The reptile manages to dodge the first,

00:59:47the second and the third.

00:59:49The fourth shark finally catches it.

00:59:51SCP-682

00:59:53covers itself with rocks.

00:59:55The fifth shark would bite

00:59:57on the other side, but SCP-682

00:59:59does not feel the bite.

01:00:01Its skin is strong enough

01:00:03to resist shark teeth,

01:00:05but it still decides to change strategy.

01:00:07The monster

01:00:09becomes very small and flat to slip

01:00:11out of the jaws of the megalodons.

01:00:13Then it pushes a hard shell

01:00:15and hides inside

01:00:17like a turtle.

01:00:19The sharks can not remove the shield.

01:00:21They launch SCP-682

01:00:23in different directions like a bullet.

01:00:25Pointy thorns begin to grow

01:00:27from the shell.

01:00:29They scratch the muzzle of the sharks

01:00:31who can not do anything anymore.

01:00:33At this moment, a batisca front

01:00:35descends into the water.

01:00:37It approaches the hidden reptile

01:00:39and the door opens.

01:00:41The water enters inside at the same time as the monster.

01:00:43SCP-682 can not go anywhere.

01:00:45It is inside a steel chamber

01:00:47and it is resistant.

01:00:49It tries to escape, but it is useless.

01:00:51The sharks are not satisfied with this situation.

01:00:53They want revenge.

01:00:55One of them cuts the batisca cable

01:00:57which flows into the bottom of the sea

01:00:59and hits a reef.

01:01:01The sharks break the batisca

01:01:03and SCP-682 manages to get out.

01:01:05The megalodons attack the reptile,

01:01:07but it uses its pointy thorns

01:01:09to make them run away.

01:01:11Then SCP-682 becomes enraged.

01:01:13The sharks swim away from it.

01:01:15The monster has won again.

01:01:17At this moment,

01:01:19a powerful earthquake occurs.

01:01:21The bottom of the sea cracks

01:01:23and a giant tentacle comes out

01:01:25of a huge crevice.

01:01:27It seems that SCP-682

01:01:29is a new opponent

01:01:31and it is the Kraken.

01:01:33The reptile is about to defeat

01:01:35this other monster,

01:01:37but this story is for another video.

01:01:41The stone fish

01:01:43The stone fish

01:01:45will not win beauty contests,

01:01:47unless the contest is the one

01:01:49of the best rock aspect.

01:01:51Their small, non-reflective eyes

01:01:53and their rough skin

01:01:55blend perfectly in their environment.

01:01:57A big head,

01:01:59an even bigger mouth

01:02:01and a house full of...

01:02:03Yes, these are stones.

01:02:05And it's not because you're on the beach

01:02:07that you're safe.

01:02:09The stone fish can survive

01:02:11even if it is manipulated.

01:02:13It would not be funny.

01:02:15The spines of their dorsal jaws

01:02:17contain an extremely powerful venom.

01:02:19It is released when you walk on them

01:02:21and can cause paralysis

01:02:23or even a heart attack.

01:02:25You will need help and fast.

01:02:27It is not surprising that it is

01:02:29one of the most dangerous creatures

01:02:31in the water or elsewhere.

01:02:33Be careful when you sneak

01:02:35into the rocky areas.

01:02:37They love to play hide-and-seek.

01:02:39If there was a price

01:02:41for the most dangerous fish in the ocean,

01:02:43the deep-sea dragonfish would win.

01:02:45With its sticky skin,

01:02:47no scales, its huge teeth

01:02:49and its face that only a mother

01:02:51could love,

01:02:53this naughty boy has nothing to fear.

01:02:55It likes to swim between 213 meters

01:02:57and 1,829 meters

01:02:59under the surface of the ocean,

01:03:01where the waters are darker and colder.

01:03:03Like other creatures on this list,

01:03:05the deep-sea dragonfish

01:03:07uses the bioluminescent parts

01:03:09of its body to catch its prey.

01:03:11It also uses its appendix

01:03:13that hangs with a little red light

01:03:15at its end and comes out

01:03:17of its lower jaw.

01:03:19Many fish take this little light

01:03:21for a prey, which attracts them

01:03:23directly into the jaws of the dragonfish.

01:03:25Very clever, dear dragonfish,

01:03:27very clever indeed.

01:03:29The ogre fish

01:03:31The Marianne Foss

01:03:33is an underwater foss

01:03:35of 10,668 meters,

01:03:37or about 11 kilometers

01:03:39under the surface of the ocean.

01:03:41Let yourself sink.

01:03:43Scientists know that the Marianne Foss exists,

01:03:45but it is one of the least explored

01:03:47places on the planet.

01:03:49It is also the deepest area

01:03:51of the oceans on Earth.

01:03:53And although many creatures

01:03:55have probably not yet been seen by humans,

01:03:57scientists had the frightening pleasure

01:03:59of meeting the ogre fish.

01:04:01The ogre fish

01:04:03bears its name.

01:04:05Just look at this thing.

01:04:07This fish is a carnivore

01:04:09and feeds on about everything it can find

01:04:11and that ends up in its mouth

01:04:13with pointy teeth.

01:04:15These fish rely on their chemical

01:04:17contact to find their prey.

01:04:19In other words,

01:04:21they can feel the chemical residues

01:04:23from other living organisms

01:04:25in the deep waters.

01:04:27Indeed, they do not have

01:04:29light-producing cells on their bodies,

01:04:31so they do not go deep.

01:04:33In addition, it is rather dark over there,

01:04:35so everything that crosses their path,

01:04:37they devour it.

01:04:39Although they look scary,

01:04:41they are not a threat to humans.

01:04:43They are only 18 centimeters long.

01:04:45Despite everything,

01:04:47I would not want to fall on one of them

01:04:49during a pleasant swim in the ocean.

01:04:55Curiously,

01:04:57this prehistoric fish,

01:04:59however, did not have teeth.

01:05:01It was replaced by bone plates

01:05:03that allowed it to have

01:05:05the strongest bite

01:05:07among other monsters of its size.

01:05:13If you thought that the films

01:05:15on sharks were scary,

01:05:17the next creature of the depths

01:05:19will make you swear

01:05:21never to dive in the ocean again.

01:05:23However, it lives at 914 meters

01:05:25under the water

01:05:27The goblin shark

01:05:29looks like a cross between a shark

01:05:31and a creature from your worst nightmare.

01:05:33These sharks are endowed

01:05:35with a pro-eminent muzzle in the shape of a sword

01:05:37and a jaw that moves forward to adapt.

01:05:39Unlike other sharks

01:05:41which have a rather gray shade,

01:05:43this scary thing is not very pretty in pink.

01:05:45Apart from their scary behavior,

01:05:47what do scientists really know

01:05:49about the shark?

01:05:51Well, not much,

01:05:53except that it can reach 5 meters long.

01:05:55It looks like there is still a lot

01:05:57to learn about these guys,

01:05:59if you dare to dive.

01:06:01By the way,

01:06:03did you know that sharks do not sleep?

01:06:05Many species have to circulate water

01:06:07through their gills to get oxygen.

01:06:09They cannot fall into a deep sleep

01:06:11as we do.

01:06:13That's why they stay half awake

01:06:15during their rest.

01:06:17In general, sharks do not even close their eyes.

01:06:20The Ferocious Scaleless

01:06:23This shark is a living horror

01:06:25with large and pointy lower teeth,

01:06:27while the upper teeth

01:06:29are much smaller.

01:06:31When its teeth fall,

01:06:33the shark eats them to get its calcium level.

01:06:35A rather smart solution

01:06:37for a shark.

01:06:39The Lizard Shark

01:06:41Studying the lizard shark

01:06:43is like looking through a portal

01:06:45to prehistoric times.

01:06:47Indeed,

01:06:49scientists think that these sharks,

01:06:51which look like eels,

01:06:53have not changed much since their

01:06:55most ancient ancestors

01:06:57crossed deep waters,

01:06:59so they are sometimes called

01:07:01living fossils.

01:07:03The mouth of these animals

01:07:05is filled with 25 terrifying rows

01:07:07of pointy teeth facing backwards.

01:07:09300 in total.

01:07:11They are designed to grab prey

01:07:13and hold them firmly

01:07:15in their mouths.

01:07:17The most famous shark

01:07:19made in 1884

01:07:21is published in the Essex Institute's

01:07:23bulletin.

01:07:25Fortunately for swimmers,

01:07:27these animals live between 119 meters

01:07:29and 1280 meters

01:07:31under the surface of the ocean,

01:07:33so they will probably never

01:07:35meet them.

01:07:37Everything is in the probably.

01:07:39It's probably the worst nightmare

01:07:41of all dentists.

01:07:43The octopus is certainly not a creature

01:07:45that we want to see at the bottom of the ocean.

01:07:47This horrible creature hides

01:07:49its body under the sand

01:07:51and leaves its face above

01:07:53to wait for its prey.

01:07:55The bearded bat

01:07:57Here is another bat

01:07:59in our list.

01:08:01It lies at the bottom of the sea

01:08:03and patiently waits for its prey to pass.

01:08:05The ghost shark

01:08:07from Australia

01:08:09The ghost shark from Australia

01:08:11is not really a shark,

01:08:13but a very bony fish.

01:08:15It is also a living fossil.

01:08:17It has not changed in the last 400 million years.

01:08:19Believe it or not,

01:08:21sharks and humans

01:08:23have a common ancestor

01:08:25that lived about 440 million years ago.

01:08:27Even if we both evolved

01:08:29in our own way,

01:08:31there are still signs of this link.

01:08:33For example, the genome of an elephant chimera

01:08:35is very similar to that of humans.

01:08:37The pleurodon

01:08:39This list of terrifying creatures

01:08:41would be incomplete

01:08:43without mentioning the terrifying

01:08:45and prehistoric pleurodon.

01:08:47This carnivorous marine reptile

01:08:49existed at the calovian stage

01:08:51of the Middle Jurassic

01:08:53and reigned over the waters

01:08:55with its 2.7 meters long.

01:08:57Scientists believe that the pleurodon

01:08:59lived in a deep underwater pit

01:09:01thanks to its ability

01:09:03to swim over long distances

01:09:05and to its four pallet-shaped limbs.

01:09:07If it was probably not able

01:09:09to propel itself towards their prey

01:09:11like other animals in the region,

01:09:13it nevertheless managed to accelerate

01:09:15and attack in an absolutely

01:09:17ruthless and effective way.

01:09:19In addition,

01:09:21it used its long muzzle

01:09:23to feel its prey,

01:09:25which leads scientists to believe

01:09:27that it did not depend on sight

01:09:29to hunt.

01:09:31This means that they could have survived

01:09:33150 million years ago,

01:09:35the pleurodon

01:09:37went extinct

01:09:39due to competition

01:09:41for prey with other marine reptiles

01:09:43in full bloom.

01:09:45And I think I speak on behalf of everyone

01:09:47when I say,

01:09:49thank God for that.

01:09:51If we consider that scientists

01:09:53have only explored 5% of the seabed

01:09:55and that they have found some

01:09:57of the most frightening

01:09:59marine creatures

01:10:01it may be preferable

01:10:03to keep them in one's imagination.

01:10:05Am I wrong?

01:10:07The big-mouthed shark

01:10:09This shark is a filter

01:10:11and it is nice to humans,

01:10:13although its huge mouth

01:10:15may seem quite threatening.

01:10:17Like the pilgrim shark,

01:10:19it swims with its mouth constantly wide open,

01:10:21as if it were on Twitter.

01:10:23The great pelican goose

01:10:25This eel of the depths

01:10:27has a belly

01:10:29that allows it to swallow

01:10:31prey twice its size

01:10:33in a single monster mouth.

01:10:35It has a very unusual

01:10:37jaw and can reach

01:10:39a length of 61 to 91 cm.

01:10:43Do you see this big log

01:10:45near the bottom of the ocean?

01:10:47It may be part of an old ship,

01:10:49a treasure, gold, diamonds,

01:10:51I'm rich!

01:10:53As you approach,

01:10:55you notice something.

01:10:57It's a saltwater crocodile.

01:10:59Now, don't panic.

01:11:01If you come across

01:11:03one of these reptiles in the sea,

01:11:05it is unlikely that they

01:11:07consider you as food.

01:11:09Crocodiles have a special valve

01:11:11in their throat that prevents

01:11:13them from drowning.

01:11:15But that doesn't mean

01:11:17they can't bite.

01:11:19Normally, they go to a nearby island

01:11:21and the fastest way to get there

01:11:23is to body surf.

01:11:25You can observe them from afar,

01:11:27but don't swim straight to the shore.

01:11:29They like to stretch their meal

01:11:31in shallow waters.

01:11:33If there is a moment

01:11:35when I would like to see

01:11:37a big white shark,

01:11:39it is when I dive with crocodiles.

01:11:41They willingly accept a meal

01:11:43the size of a crocodile

01:11:45if you know it is properly motivated.

01:11:47Let's dive into the depths of the ocean

01:11:49and discover which of these

01:11:51frightening creatures are our friends.

01:11:53Let's dive into the tropical waters

01:11:55of the island of Nanuia, Balavu,

01:11:57near Fiji.

01:11:59Do you see these huge animals

01:12:01the size of a Volkswagen?

01:12:03They are remanta.

01:12:05They have a long tail in the shape

01:12:07of a whip and a large flat body

01:12:09in the shape of a lozenge.

01:12:11There are two species of remanta.

01:12:13The reef remanta and the giant remanta.

01:12:15They belong to the same family

01:12:17as sharks, but they only have

01:12:19small teeth in their lower jaw.

01:12:21They eat small fish and crustaceans.

01:12:23Remanta are social animals

01:12:25and they like people.

01:12:27If you let them approach,

01:12:29they will swim around you to observe you,

01:12:31but do not hope to be able to follow them

01:12:33because they swim extremely fast.

01:12:35Their name translates as coat or cover

01:12:37and of all marine creatures,

01:12:39they are the ones with the largest brain

01:12:41compared to the weight of their body.

01:12:43They are able to recognize themselves

01:12:45in a mirror.

01:12:47Then we meet the sheep-headed labrador.

01:12:49It is not very beautiful,

01:12:51but it is one of the nicest fish

01:12:53that you will find in the shallow waters

01:12:55of Japan, China and Korea.

01:12:57It has protuberances on its jaw

01:12:59and head.

01:13:01It likes to hide in its anemone

01:13:03and is generally afraid to go out,

01:13:05even with its 100 cm long.

01:13:07Thirty years ago,

01:13:09one of its lips made friends

01:13:11with a Japanese diver.

01:13:13When he found him, he was injured

01:13:15and the man helped him recover.

01:13:17He was the owner of an aquatic Shinto shrine.

01:13:19He called the fish by ringing

01:13:21an underwater bell.

01:13:23Now let's go swimming

01:13:25with the largest fish in the world,

01:13:27the whale shark.

01:13:29Although it is indeed a shark,

01:13:31this creature has a lot in common

01:13:33with whales.

01:13:35It can live for 100 years

01:13:37but has a tiny brain.

01:13:39Whale sharks are indifferent to humans.

01:13:41What they cannot eat,

01:13:43they simply ignore.

01:13:45They will not bite you.

01:13:47Whale sharks are filterers.

01:13:49They have many teeth,

01:13:51and even 3,000, but they do not use them.

01:13:53Their mouth is huge,

01:13:55a bit like mine,

01:13:57but their throat is the size

01:13:59of a 50-cent coin.

01:14:01Then we have the moonfish,

01:14:03a fish without a tail

01:14:05that seems to have been cut in half.

01:14:07It has large fins

01:14:09and when you see it piercing

01:14:11the surface of the water,

01:14:13you can see the fish exfoliate its skin

01:14:15and eliminate its parasites.

01:14:17Once this is done,

01:14:19it returns to the surface

01:14:21to sunbathe.

01:14:23It is also a voracious eater.

01:14:25If it sees you in the water,

01:14:27it will probably approach you

01:14:29and watch you.

01:14:31By spending the day there,

01:14:33you could feed it directly

01:14:35with your hand.

01:14:37But here is the animal

01:14:39that always seems to smile,

01:14:41it is the dolphin.

01:14:43The dolphin is an excellent swimmer

01:14:45with speeds reaching

01:14:4730 km per hour.

01:14:49It usually goes back to the surface

01:14:51to breathe the winds

01:14:53located on its head.

01:14:55These animals communicate

01:14:57very well with each other

01:14:59and even send each other messages.

01:15:01They use the colocations

01:15:03to orient themselves

01:15:05and find food.

01:15:07When they spot humans,

01:15:09they will come to them

01:15:11like sharks.

01:15:13Now we are heading

01:15:15to the Pacific coast

01:15:17where we will meet

01:15:19some gray whales.

01:15:21Their skin is covered

01:15:23with parasites

01:15:25and other organisms

01:15:27that make their rostrum

01:15:29look like a piece

01:15:31of shaggy rock.

01:15:33With them,

01:15:35you must first show white paws.

01:15:37They allow humans to touch them

01:15:39but the law forces you

01:15:41to keep your distance.

01:15:43If it wants to get to know you,

01:15:45the gray whale will come to you.

01:15:47If it feels threatened,

01:15:49you will understand it

01:15:51quite quickly.

01:15:53Let me show you a fish

01:15:55with a tool on its head,

01:15:57the hammerhead shark.

01:15:59Its skull helps it to hunt.

01:16:01Its eyes are placed

01:16:03on the outer edges of the hammer

01:16:05of the metal sector.

01:16:07What it is looking for

01:16:09is usually hidden under the sand.

01:16:11It plunges its head

01:16:13and brings up

01:16:15all that is underneath.

01:16:17You will meet these animals

01:16:19in temperate and tropical waters

01:16:21near the coast and offshore.

01:16:23They usually move in groups.

01:16:25They are rather harmless

01:16:27to swimmers and divers

01:16:29but they can be aggressive.

01:16:31Before attacking,

01:16:33let me show you a smaller creature,

01:16:35the sea lion.

01:16:37With them, it's a bit complicated.

01:16:39They are playful, aggressive,

01:16:41arrogant, smart

01:16:43and especially curious.

01:16:45Sea lions can't breathe underwater

01:16:47but they can dive to 300 meters

01:16:49and hold their breath for a long time.

01:16:51They breathe air through their nose

01:16:53and once they are underwater,

01:16:55their nostrils close completely.

01:16:57If they see humans on the beach,

01:16:59they keep their distance

01:17:01These wild creatures

01:17:03are not the friendliest

01:17:05especially if they feel threatened.

01:17:07Sea lions are docile

01:17:09only because they have been captured and trained.

01:17:11Now it's the turn of the belugas.

01:17:13They are white, have a voluminous head

01:17:15and are among the most sociable

01:17:17and noisy animals you can meet.

01:17:19The shape of their mouth

01:17:21will give you the impression that they are smiling.

01:17:23At birth, belugas are dark gray.

01:17:25It takes 8 years for their skin to turn white.

01:17:27They can also change the shape of their head

01:17:29by blowing air around their sinuses.

01:17:31Belugas love people.

01:17:33Once they have made friends,

01:17:35they don't want to leave.

01:17:37Even if they are wild animals,

01:17:39they are sometimes too trusting of humans.

01:17:41Biologists advise to keep their distance

01:17:43for their safety.

01:17:45Have you ever heard of sea cows?

01:17:47They are the laments.

01:17:49You will meet some in the rivers

01:17:51and others in the oceans.

01:17:53Despite their large size,

01:17:55they usually live in shallow coastal areas

01:17:57eating marine grass,

01:17:59leaves and algae.

01:18:01Laments raise their heads to the surface

01:18:03every 4 minutes to breathe.

01:18:05But they can hold their breath

01:18:07longer than that.

01:18:09They are slow travelers

01:18:11and even if they are not as smart as dolphins,

01:18:13they can understand colors.

01:18:15They are nice giants

01:18:17and they like to approach humans

01:18:19in search of warmth.

01:18:21Then we have the pelarine shark,

01:18:23the second largest shark in the world.

01:18:25Its most impressive feature

01:18:27is its mouth.

01:18:29It can open more than 1 meter wide.

01:18:31These animals look rather intimidating.

01:18:33But despite their size,

01:18:35they are safe for humans

01:18:37and divers swim with them.

01:18:39They are very sociable

01:18:41and can travel in groups of 100 individuals.

01:18:43They stay near the surface of the water

01:18:45and feed on plankton.

01:18:47They also have a lot of teeth

01:18:49that they don't use.

01:18:51Do you know which creature is able

01:18:53to sing like that?

01:18:55Well, you may be a little too young

01:18:57to know it.

01:18:59In animals, it's the humpback whale.

01:19:01Scientists don't really know

01:19:03why they sing like that,

01:19:05but they think it's to communicate

01:19:07and seduce their congeners.

01:19:09You will see them near the shores

01:19:11feeding on very fine food

01:19:13and they use their fins

01:19:15to propel themselves in the water.

01:19:17Humpback whales are less friendly

01:19:19than gray whales

01:19:21because they are attacked by orcas.

01:19:23Experts say they are able to make decisions

01:19:25and solve problems.

01:19:27Once, a humpback whale intervened

01:19:29to save a biologist

01:19:31from a shark-tiger attack.

01:19:33Now, let's try to spot

01:19:35the camouflage specialist,

01:19:37the Caribbean reef octopus.

01:19:39Its cells allow it to melt

01:19:41in the texture of the sand

01:19:43and rocks of the ocean.

01:19:45But this octopus is lonely

01:19:47and prefers to manage on its own.

01:19:49It can reach 13 cm

01:19:51and its tentacles are as long

01:19:53as an average human foot.

01:19:55If you get too close to it,

01:19:57it will probably turn blue

01:19:59to warn you that it feels threatened.

01:20:01And even if it is a little suspicious,

01:20:03it's better to keep your distance

01:20:05and leave it alone.

01:20:07A creature with a strange appearance

01:20:09walks like a living vacuum cleaner

01:20:11in the dark depths of the ocean.

01:20:13I mean the sea pig.

01:20:15It owes its name to its pinkish body

01:20:17These creatures do not swim

01:20:19but walk at the bottom of the sea.

01:20:21Their legs contain 5 to 7 pairs

01:20:23of voluminous tubular feet

01:20:25and they have tentacles

01:20:27around their mouths

01:20:29to dig in the mud

01:20:31in search of trash to nibble.

01:20:33Rather vulnerable,

01:20:35it is thanks to their venomous skin

01:20:37that sea pigs protect themselves

01:20:39from other marine creatures.

01:20:41If you meet one,

01:20:43it will be very friendly

01:20:45And since we are talking

01:20:47about viscous aquatic creatures,

01:20:49here is the ctenophore.

01:20:51It is a friendly animal

01:20:53that likes to swim near the coast

01:20:55during hot summer evenings.

01:20:57There are two types of ctenophore,

01:20:59those with two tentacles

01:21:01and those without them.

01:21:03You can spot them at night

01:21:05because they shine in the dark

01:21:07and illuminate the waters.

01:21:09Among this species,

01:21:11we find the sea pig.

01:21:13Unlike jellyfish,

01:21:15the ctenophore does not sting.

01:21:17It does not have a stinging cell

01:21:19and you can swim with them without danger.

01:21:21It is the giant shark

01:21:23that terrorized the oceans

01:21:25about 20 million years ago.

01:21:27For 13 million years,

01:21:29this 60-ton beast

01:21:31dominated the hot waters of our planet.

01:21:33And some people think

01:21:35that the megalodon

01:21:37still lives in the farthest

01:21:39and deepest parts of the ocean.

01:21:41On a hot summer day,

01:21:43it seems logical

01:21:45to go swimming in the sea.

01:21:47You float on your back,

01:21:49completely relaxed.

01:21:51Your eyes are closed,

01:21:53your breathing is regular.

01:21:55The water is pleasantly fresh

01:21:57around your body.

01:21:59A slight breeze touches your face.

01:22:01You feel calm enough

01:22:03to sigh.

01:22:05Suddenly,

01:22:07something hits your leg.

01:22:09All you see is a pair of fins

01:22:11easily recognizable

01:22:13and cute smiling muzzles.

01:22:15Just dolphins!

01:22:17You are lucky to meet them in nature.

01:22:19These amazing creatures

01:22:21are so close that you can touch them.

01:22:23You have heard people say

01:22:25that the skin of dolphins is rubbery.

01:22:27But for you, it's more like

01:22:29the inside of a hard-boiled egg.

01:22:31One of the animals is so close to you

01:22:33that its salty smell fills your nostrils.

01:22:35However, you know that dolphins

01:22:37don't sweat.

01:22:39This means that they don't sweat

01:22:41and that they are practically odorless.

01:22:43The smell you smell

01:22:45comes from the water you swim in.

01:22:47It is the largest and fiercest predator

01:22:49that has ever haunted the oceans.

01:22:51The Megalodon shark

01:22:53dominated the seas for centuries

01:22:55before vanishing

01:22:57millions of years ago.

01:22:59However, scientists have only managed

01:23:01to discover very few remains

01:23:03of this huge shark.

01:23:05We learned this from the fossils

01:23:07of these giant teeth

01:23:09the size of a normal human hand.

01:23:11No Megalodon skeleton

01:23:13has ever been discovered.

01:23:15Shark skeletons are mainly

01:23:17made up of cartilage,

01:23:19which means that they break down quickly.

01:23:21Fortunately, sharks lose

01:23:23and grow back their teeth

01:23:25throughout their lives.

01:23:27A shark can lose 40,000 teeth

01:23:29during its life.

01:23:31Scientists have managed to study

01:23:33only one of their teeth.

01:23:35This shark had about 276 teeth.

01:23:37When it fell,

01:23:39its teeth landed on the seabed

01:23:41where they stayed for millions of years

01:23:43fossilizing.

01:23:45Scientists found them

01:23:47and they are the only real trace

01:23:49of the existence of the Megalodon.

01:23:51Megalodon teeth have been discovered

01:23:53all over the world.

01:23:55This means that, unlike other marine animals

01:23:57of its time,

01:23:59the Megalodon was an intercontinental.

01:24:01Even today,

01:24:03most sharks and marine animals

01:24:05tend to stay in one sea

01:24:07or one ocean.

01:24:09This shark swam freely around the world

01:24:11moving between tropical and subtropical waters.

01:24:13Teeth have been found

01:24:15on all continents

01:24:17with the exception of Antarctic glacial waters.

01:24:19When a Megalodon appears

01:24:21in a movie or TV show,

01:24:23it is depicted as a giant version

01:24:25of the Great White Shark.

01:24:27Scientists once thought

01:24:29that this giant shark came

01:24:31from a common ancestor.

01:24:33However, this is not true.

01:24:35In fact, it is more likely

01:24:37that the Megalodon was the sworn enemy

01:24:39of the ancestor of the Great White Shark,

01:24:41the Maco shark with large teeth.

01:24:43This means that the Megalodon

01:24:45did not look like the Great White Shark.

01:24:47In reality,

01:24:49it would have had a shorter nose

01:24:51than the Great White Shark

01:24:53and longer pectoral fins

01:24:55to give this giant shark

01:24:57an excellent smell.

01:24:59So that even in prehistoric times,

01:25:01it was not a good idea

01:25:03to bathe with a piece of raw meat.

01:25:05And it is certainly not safe

01:25:07nowadays either.

01:25:09No matter if the Megalodon

01:25:11is hiding somewhere in the depths,

01:25:13what some still believe,

01:25:15or that it has disappeared forever,

01:25:17its young cousins are waiting for it.

01:25:19In addition, both like to run

01:25:21after the big marine mammals,

01:25:23so they will certainly have

01:25:25a bad mood and accidentally

01:25:27eat their friend.

01:25:29We never know.

01:25:31These guys had a different hunting style.

01:25:33The Great Whites preferred to dive

01:25:35directly into their prey

01:25:37and find the softest places

01:25:39like the exposed legs or the belly.

01:25:41Sometimes, an entire tooth

01:25:43was found stuck in the bone

01:25:45of a larger animal,

01:25:47like a whale.

01:25:49Deprived of the main parts

01:25:51that served to swim,

01:25:53whales were only a small part

01:25:55of the Megalodon's diet.

01:25:57seals,

01:25:59calamari, dolphins,

01:26:01other sharks,

01:26:03the good old Megalodon

01:26:05would probably not have refused

01:26:07a small bunch of small fish

01:26:09to swim in its mouth.

01:26:11Nothing better than a good snack

01:26:13before a big and good dinner.

01:26:15Even giant turtles were not safe

01:26:17in their thick shells.

01:26:19They probably took them as a challenge

01:26:21Scientists used computer simulations

01:26:23to try to determine the hunting style

01:26:25of the ancient shark.

01:26:27Thanks to this technology,

01:26:29scientists discovered that the Megalodon's

01:26:31attack style was very different

01:26:33from that of modern sharks.

01:26:35Modern sharks dive directly

01:26:37into the most vulnerable part of their prey,

01:26:39for example, the belly of a seal.

01:26:41Megalodon's teeth were particularly

01:26:43suitable for biting

01:26:45through harder cartilage areas.

01:26:47It is therefore obvious that a Megalodon

01:26:49would start by gnawing

01:26:51the most resistant fins of its prey,

01:26:53making it unable to move away

01:26:55before launching its final attack.

01:26:57Some people think that the Megalodon

01:26:59is still alive today,

01:27:01hiding in the depths of the ocean waters.

01:27:03But it is unlikely to be true.

01:27:05Megalodons are species

01:27:07that swim in warm water,

01:27:09which means that they would be unable

01:27:11to survive in the cold waters

01:27:13of the ocean depths.

01:27:15Most of the Megalodon's potential prey

01:27:17is in the deep waters,

01:27:19which means that there is not much

01:27:21to eat for it in the deep waters.

01:27:23In other words,

01:27:25if an animal as big as it

01:27:27was still alive today,

01:27:29we would have already noticed it.

01:27:31It is therefore unlikely

01:27:33that you will come across a Megalodon.

01:27:35Sharks, like us,

01:27:37prefer warm coastal waters.

01:27:39Life in the deep would be too cold

01:27:41for these animals,

01:27:43and food would be rare.

01:27:45So yes, it is very unlikely

01:27:47that they still exist,

01:27:49but not impossible.

01:27:51If you meet one,

01:27:53the good news is that

01:27:55they don't really risk eating you.

01:27:57You are a meal way too small

01:27:59for the Megalodon,

01:28:01even if you are accompanied

01:28:03by a few friends.

01:28:05This guy eats whales

01:28:07more than 15 meters long.

01:28:09But if you throw a party

01:28:11on the beach,

01:28:13you will still be eaten.

01:28:15The terrible name of Megalodon

01:28:17comes from two Greek words,

01:28:19Megas, which means big,

01:28:21and Odon, which means teeth.

01:28:23Combined, it means big teeth,

01:28:25and it bears its name well.

01:28:27Only one of its jaws

01:28:29is the same size as a human head.

01:28:31It had 276 huge teeth

01:28:33in total, distributed over

01:28:355 terrifying rows.

01:28:37Throughout history,

01:28:39only a few saber-toothed cats

01:28:41have been able to eat it.

01:28:43Now, it's a test of strength

01:28:45that I would like to watch.

01:28:47The Megalodon disappeared

01:28:49millions of years ago,

01:28:51leaving only huge teeth

01:28:53to modern archaeologists.

01:28:55They literally disappeared

01:28:57leaving very few traces.

01:28:59Scientists think that over time,

01:29:01the sea level has dropped

01:29:03and the ocean temperature

01:29:05has rapidly decreased.

01:29:07More than a third of marine life

01:29:09has disappeared.

01:29:11This has had a catastrophic effect

01:29:13on the hungry predators

01:29:15at the top of the chain.

01:29:17Sorry guys.

01:29:19It was also too cold

01:29:21for these sun-loving sharks,

01:29:23which made it difficult

01:29:25to reproduce them

01:29:27since they were born

01:29:29in warm waters.

01:29:31The Megalodon is generally

01:29:33described as a kind of

01:29:35giant white shark,

01:29:37and was even competing

01:29:39with each other.

01:29:41The giant white shark

01:29:43was a better hunter

01:29:45because it used its small size

01:29:47and agility to quickly catch

01:29:49the prey of the Megalodon.

01:29:51They were also known

01:29:53to eat the small Megalodons

01:29:55that were half their size.

01:29:57This helped the extinction

01:29:59of the species.

01:30:01If a giant white shark

01:30:03was not big enough

01:30:05for the Megalodon,

01:30:07its food reserves

01:30:09began to run out

01:30:11when the whales swam

01:30:13towards the colder seas.

01:30:15The whales adapted

01:30:17to prefer colder temperatures

01:30:19leaving our friend behind.

01:30:21The Megalodons are starving

01:30:23and have been frozen

01:30:25until their extinction

01:30:27by the Ice Age.

01:30:29Instead of a big white,

01:30:31the Megalodon looks more

01:30:33like a giant pectoral fin

01:30:35to support its weight

01:30:37and imposing size.

01:30:39As scary as they are,

01:30:41these sharks were actually

01:30:43the benevolent members

01:30:45of the family.

01:30:47Several areas of the

01:30:49Megalodon nursery

01:30:51have been discovered

01:30:53in Florida,

01:30:55Maryland and Panama.

01:30:57They gave birth to their

01:30:59young in shallow waters

01:31:01This name sounds like

01:31:03a heroic fantasy,

01:31:05but it is actually

01:31:07the smallest shark in the world.

01:31:09It is as small as a palm,

01:31:11but it can shine in the dark.

01:31:13The blue-ringed octopus

01:31:15is probably the most beautiful

01:31:17octopus in the world,

01:31:19but beware,

01:31:21the bright colors

01:31:23indicate that they are venomous.

01:31:25Although this little creature

01:31:27is the size of a remote,

01:31:29although this fish is only

01:31:3130 centimeters long,

01:31:33it can swallow much bigger prey.

01:31:35Its jaw can open

01:31:37like that of a dinosaur.

01:31:39Neoclinus blanchardii

01:31:41is known to have tried

01:31:43to swallow a whole octopus.

01:31:45This is what we call

01:31:47having a big appetite.

01:31:49This beauty also has

01:31:51a voracious appetite.

01:31:53It can eat fish

01:31:55nearly two-thirds

01:31:57of its size.

01:31:59The striped surgeonfish

01:32:01has sharp tips like scalpels

01:32:03on its fins,

01:32:05not for surgery,

01:32:07but for hunting.

01:32:09Unlike a doctor,

01:32:11these scalpels are

01:32:13covered in venom.

01:32:15The abyssal dragon

01:32:17is the only fish

01:32:19that can produce

01:32:21infrared light

01:32:23thanks to the chlorophyll

01:32:25This camouflage genius

01:32:27usually lies on the bottom

01:32:29and pretends to be a rock.

01:32:31People can walk on it

01:32:33and the sharp needles

01:32:35on its back

01:32:37can easily pierce

01:32:39the stiff sole of a boot.

01:32:41The viper fish,

01:32:43the size of your forearm,

01:32:45has the largest teeth

01:32:47in the world compared to its head.

01:32:49But it is unlikely

01:32:51that you will meet it

01:32:53They are parasites

01:32:55that stick to other creatures

01:32:57and live on their fins.

01:32:59But these creatures

01:33:01are ten times bigger

01:33:03than the standard striped surgeonfish.

01:33:05The mega piranha,

01:33:07the most aggressive fish

01:33:09in the world,

01:33:11the size of a Doberman.

01:33:13A bunch of these creatures

01:33:15can make an entire cow disappear

01:33:17in a few minutes.

01:33:19Fortunately for us

01:33:21it is a rather ordinary big fish

01:33:23until it opens its mouth.

01:33:25It has teeth like

01:33:27that of humans and it seems

01:33:29that the richest of these fish

01:33:31even had a golden rattle.

01:33:33The tetra vampire,

01:33:35it is the most dangerous freshwater fish

01:33:37it can swallow prey

01:33:39that is half its size.

01:33:41Even the piranhas fear this monster.

01:33:43The bullfrog,

01:33:45it has a fishing rod on its head

01:33:47with a beak that attracts

01:33:49this formidable hunter.

01:33:51The anguilla becass,

01:33:53it is long and flexible

01:33:55thanks to the 750 vertebrae of its back.

01:33:57In comparison,

01:33:59we only have 33 or 34.

01:34:03The barracuda,

01:34:05its jaw is similar to that of a great white shark

01:34:07but its trademark

01:34:09is speed.

01:34:11It would beat any Olympic swimmer

01:34:13with a speed of 46 km per hour.

01:34:15The moon fish,

01:34:17it is the size of an adult person

01:34:19and it is the heaviest bone fish in the world.

01:34:21Although peaceful,

01:34:23they sometimes damage

01:34:25the bottom of small fishing boats.

01:34:27The lizard shark,

01:34:29its size would allow it

01:34:31to excel in basketball.

01:34:33It hunts by adopting the strategy of a snake.

01:34:35The shark bends its body

01:34:37then leans forward

01:34:39and it has 300 teeth.

01:34:41The electric eel,

01:34:43its main characteristic

01:34:45are its electric organs

01:34:47which can emit 4 times more current

01:34:49than a normal plug.

01:34:51The shock of the electric eel

01:34:53can easily stun a great horse.

01:34:55The box jellyfish,

01:34:57it is not content to drift

01:34:59in the waves near the shore

01:35:01like ordinary jellyfish.

01:35:03No, these creatures are very fast

01:35:05and can even catch a person in the water

01:35:07and their sting is very dangerous.

01:35:09They do not particularly seek trouble

01:35:11but they are always ready to defend themselves.

01:35:13The dolphin shark,

01:35:15its muzzle ends with a long growth

01:35:17in the shape of a blade

01:35:19and its jaw can extend

01:35:21to the extremity of the muzzle.

01:35:23It is one of the most terrifying sharks in the world

01:35:25despite its pretty pink color.

01:35:27The sea crocodile,

01:35:29it is the most irritable crocodile

01:35:31on the planet

01:35:33and one of the largest

01:35:35with its 6 meters in length.

01:35:37They are not afraid of humans

01:35:39and only consider us

01:35:41The great white shark,

01:35:43the most famous inhabitant of the oceans.

01:35:45One day, a great white shark

01:35:47pierced the bottom of a yacht of tourists.

01:35:49The boat sank but fortunately

01:35:51no one was injured or eaten.

01:35:53The shark of Greenland,

01:35:55these are the creatures

01:35:57with the longest life expectancy

01:35:59in the marine world.

01:36:01They have a very slow metabolism

01:36:03and can live up to 300 years.

01:36:05For comparison,

01:36:07the oldest human being

01:36:09This fish is as long

01:36:11as a giant anaconda

01:36:13and it holds the title of the largest bone fish

01:36:15in the world.

01:36:17The giant manta ray,

01:36:19this creature may look like a smile

01:36:21but it will rush on you without hesitation.

01:36:23It can reach up to 5 meters in diameter

01:36:25and has a sharp beak

01:36:27containing a powerful neurotoxin.

01:36:31The orca,

01:36:33they can swim at the speed of a car

01:36:35and are as large as a family monospace

01:36:37and they are the only sea hunters

01:36:39who can jump and catch their prey

01:36:41on the mainland.

01:36:43Dincleosteus,

01:36:45this creature was the size of a limousine.

01:36:47Although it had no teeth,

01:36:49it had bone plates that gave it

01:36:51one of the most powerful bites

01:36:53of all marine creatures.

01:36:55Cameroceras,

01:36:57it is an ancient shark of an incredible size

01:36:59but 90% of its entire body

01:37:01was an iconic shell.

01:37:03It was heavy,

01:37:05it could move quickly

01:37:07so most of the time,

01:37:09Cameroceras remained motionless

01:37:11at the bottom of the ocean

01:37:13waiting for small fish to pass by.

01:37:15Chronosaurus,

01:37:17it was similar to a crocodile

01:37:19but several times larger.

01:37:21The remains of one of them contained dinosaur bones

01:37:23which means that the chronosaurus

01:37:25hunted not only in the sea

01:37:27but also on land.

01:37:29Helicoprion,

01:37:31it is one of the rare species

01:37:33that survived the extinction of the Triassic.

01:37:35It arrived there thanks to its great intelligence

01:37:37and a powerful fighting tool,

01:37:39a circular-shaped jaw

01:37:41at the level of its nose.

01:37:43Elasmosaurus,

01:37:45its appearance makes it look like a giraffe

01:37:47but it is twice as large

01:37:49and it was a great traveler.

01:37:51It swallowed small stones to grind its food.

01:37:53300 rocks from all over the world

01:37:55were found in the remains of one of them.

01:37:57The colossal calamar,

01:37:59it weighs as much as two polar bears

01:38:01and is five times larger than a man.

01:38:03They are extremely rare

01:38:05but still exist in the cold and deep waters

01:38:07of our planet.

01:38:09The humpback whale,

01:38:11like ordinary whales,

01:38:13they feed on planktons and small fish

01:38:15using their mouths as a huge net.

01:38:17They use their giant tails

01:38:19to strike large fish.

01:38:21Mosasaurus,

01:38:23as large as a metro train,

01:38:25it was the real king of the seas

01:38:2766 million years ago.

01:38:29Its jaw and skull

01:38:31looked like those of snakes

01:38:33and it could swallow all three of them.

01:38:35Today, we can still find

01:38:37its distant cousins,

01:38:39the varans.

01:38:43The Leviathan of Melville,

01:38:45this creature had the largest teeth

01:38:47ever known.

01:38:49They were as large as half your hand

01:38:51and they looked like a cross between

01:38:53an orc and a jackal.

01:38:55The Ixictis,

01:38:57they were larger than a school bus

01:38:59but they were not hunters.

01:39:01Their large size prevented them from being fast

01:39:03so they mainly fed on planktons.

01:39:05The Megalodon,

01:39:07the most famous of the

01:39:09ancient marine creatures.

01:39:11It was heavier than a tank

01:39:13or even a small house.

01:39:15Some people think it still lives

01:39:17in the deep waters of the ocean.

01:39:19Basilosaurus,

01:39:21giant ancestor of modern whales,

01:39:23they had large lower limbs.

01:39:25It may be because they were

01:39:27previously terrestrial creatures

01:39:29but as they evolved,

01:39:31they gradually moved to the aquatic environment.

01:39:33The Cachalot,

01:39:35it is almost as big as a basketball court

01:39:37and its brain weighs 7 kilos,

01:39:39which is seven times the weight

01:39:41of a human brain.

01:39:43The Rorcal Boreal,

01:39:45one of the best swimmers of all whales.

01:39:47The Rorcal Boreal can reach

01:39:49a speed of 50 km per hour

01:39:51and dive deeper

01:39:53than the Empire State Building.

01:39:57Shastasaurus,

01:39:59although there is only water left of this monster,

01:40:01scientists estimate

01:40:03that it was as big as a tennis court

01:40:05or a semi-pond.

01:40:07The Blue Whale,

01:40:09the largest mammal to have ever lived

01:40:11on our planet.

01:40:13Its heart alone weighs as much as a big motorcycle

01:40:15and its veins are as large as a large pan

01:40:17and they can sing too.

01:40:19The lion's mane jellyfish,

01:40:21the largest jellyfish in the world.

01:40:23It has a hat

01:40:25two meters wide

01:40:27and tentacles as long

01:40:29as a ten-story building.

01:40:31Although it is not at all dangerous,

01:40:33you can still get stuck

01:40:35in its incredible tentacles,

01:40:37like in a net.

01:40:39The Portuguese galley,

01:40:41although its head is very small,

01:40:43like an ordinary jellyfish,

01:40:45its tentacles are as long

01:40:47and its creatures are venomous.

01:40:49It paralyzes fish

01:40:51and everything that is caught in it,

01:40:53even humans.

01:40:57The water boils under the fishing boat

01:40:59as if something was going to come out of the water.

01:41:01It gets closer and closer.

01:41:03Suddenly you see giant jaws

01:41:05and sparkling teeth.

01:41:07A few seconds later,

01:41:09a huge shark jumps out of the water

01:41:11and smashes the boat.

01:41:13It was the Megalodon,

01:41:15the largest fish

01:41:17that has ever existed on Earth.

01:41:19For a long time,

01:41:21we imagined the Megalodon like this,

01:41:23an enlarged version of the great white shark.

01:41:25But scientists continue to debate

01:41:27about its appearance.

01:41:29To this day, however,

01:41:31they agree to say

01:41:33that the image we had

01:41:35of this giant shark

01:41:37was false.

01:41:39Here are the data

01:41:41that scientists are sure of.

01:41:43Let's compare now

01:41:45with the modern white shark.

01:41:47The Megalodon is three times larger,

01:41:49but this is only an approximate estimate.

01:41:51We do not have a skeleton

01:41:53entirely preserved of the Megalodon

01:41:55because it did not have bones but cartilage.

01:41:57There is not much left

01:41:59during the 3.6 million years

01:42:01that followed the extinction of the Megalodons.

01:42:03All that survived

01:42:05are teeth and some vertebrae.

01:42:07In comparison, the dinosaurs

01:42:09went extinct about 66 million years ago.

01:42:11But their solid bones

01:42:13are perfectly preserved

01:42:15and we have many specimens

01:42:17different from their skeletons.

01:42:19Scientists have calculated

01:42:21the size of the Megalodon

01:42:23according to its teeth and jaw.

01:42:25This is a tooth.

01:42:27It measures about 18 cm long,

01:42:29more than the palm of your hand,

01:42:31and three times the size

01:42:33of the teeth of a modern white shark.

01:42:35The Megalodon jaw was 2 m wide

01:42:37and had 5 rows of teeth.

01:42:39The teeth were shaped like razor blades.

01:42:41The other preserved remains

01:42:43are the vertebral column.

01:42:45It consists of 150 vertebrae,

01:42:47each 15 cm wide.

01:42:49They contain a lot of calcium

01:42:51because the Megalodon loved fresh milk.

01:42:53Oh no!

01:42:55It's because these vertebrae

01:42:57had to support the huge mass

01:42:59of the giant shark.

01:43:01From these fossils,

01:43:03scientists have created a model

01:43:05and calculated an approximate size

01:43:07of the Megalodon jaw.

01:43:09It's a matter of breathing.

01:43:11The bigger the fish is,

01:43:13the more oxygen it needs.

01:43:15This means that the surface of the vertebrae

01:43:17must be larger.

01:43:19It is the organs that filter the water

01:43:21and collect the oxygen.

01:43:23If the Megalodon had been larger,

01:43:25it would have had trouble breathing.

01:43:27Scientists therefore think

01:43:29that 15 m was the maximum size

01:43:31for an individual,

01:43:33but on average,

01:43:35a white shark weighs 1 ton,

01:43:37so 30 to 35 times less.

01:43:39Easy!

01:43:41With its 7.5 tons,

01:43:43a school bus is 4 times lighter.

01:43:45The weight of a Megalodon

01:43:47can be compared to that of a Boeing 737.

01:43:49But the modern Blue Whale

01:43:51beats the Megalodon in size and weight.

01:43:5330 meters long

01:43:55against 15,

01:43:57almost twice as long.

01:43:59And the weight of the Blue Whale

01:44:01is about 180 tons,

01:44:03compared to that of a Megalodon

01:44:05or a six-plane aircraft

01:44:07or even 33 adult elephants

01:44:09if you like comparisons.

01:44:11Now let's talk about

01:44:13the appearance of the Megalodon.

01:44:15Scientists think

01:44:17it doesn't look like a white shark.

01:44:19The Megalodon belongs to a family

01:44:21of different fish

01:44:23and probably looked like

01:44:25a giant bull shark.

01:44:27Its muzzle is flattened

01:44:29and its eyes are small.

01:44:31Its color is light brown

01:44:33with a white belly.

01:44:35It may have had red spots

01:44:37all over its body,

01:44:39just like its modern counterpart.

01:44:41From the first discovery of these fossils,

01:44:43we got used to considering

01:44:45the Megalodon as a scary monster.

01:44:47It was at the time of the Renaissance.

01:44:49People thought its teeth

01:44:51were the tongues of dragons

01:44:53or snakes.

01:44:55And here is the first drawing

01:44:57of what their owner

01:44:59might have looked like.

01:45:01It had massive bones,

01:45:03a scary nose

01:45:05and a lot of sharp teeth

01:45:07like razors.

01:45:09We also have proof

01:45:11that the Megalodons

01:45:13were ferocious hunters

01:45:15and were at the top

01:45:17of the food chain.

01:45:19The first tool

01:45:21in their arsenal

01:45:23was the belly shot.

01:45:25But the Megalodon

01:45:27had an incredible mass.

01:45:29Although slow,

01:45:31its belly shot

01:45:33had enormous power.

01:45:35The Megalodon had to take

01:45:37its prey by surprise

01:45:39so that it only had one chance

01:45:41to hit it.

01:45:43If it missed it,

01:45:45it would take too long

01:45:47to make a second turn.

01:45:49The maneuverability

01:45:51of the Megalodon

01:45:53was comparable

01:45:55to that of the swimmers

01:45:57and the tail of its prey.

01:45:59Scientists found

01:46:01many remains of old whales

01:46:03with the teeth of the Megalodon.

01:46:05The giant shark knew

01:46:07where its prey's vital organs

01:46:09were and could reach them.

01:46:11When the prey was immobilized,

01:46:13the Megalodon discovered its teeth.

01:46:15An adult person could easily

01:46:17enter its open jaw at full height.

01:46:19According to various estimates,

01:46:21the Megalodon's bite force

01:46:23is 9 times the bite force

01:46:25of the largest white shark

01:46:27and 6 times the bite force

01:46:29of the modern record holder

01:46:31of bite force,

01:46:33the sea crocodile.

01:46:35I took a look at this map

01:46:37indicating where the remains

01:46:39of the Megalodon were found.

01:46:41South America, North America,

01:46:43Europe, Asia, Australia.

01:46:45It was the master of all seas

01:46:47and was at ease everywhere

01:46:49on our planet.

01:46:51Maybe he was not afraid

01:46:53to go into the rivers to hunt.

01:46:55Other scientists say

01:46:57that the Megalodon

01:46:59was not even a predator.

01:47:01All because of its size.

01:47:03It could not swim fast.

01:47:05It could not even do short sprints

01:47:07like the white shark.

01:47:09If a prey tried to escape,

01:47:11the Megalodon would not even

01:47:13bother chasing it

01:47:15because it could never catch up.

01:47:17Another problem is the Megalodon's skeleton.

01:47:19The Megalodon was perhaps

01:47:21even a carabiner

01:47:23that never fought.

01:47:25It may be one of the reasons

01:47:27why these old sharks

01:47:29went extinct.

01:47:31Megalodons love warm,

01:47:33shallow waters

01:47:35with temperatures

01:47:37above 12 degrees.

01:47:39But more than 3 million years ago,

01:47:41the climate cooled down.

01:47:43This deprived the Megalodons

01:47:45of territory and abundant food.

01:47:47Predators

01:47:49took over the rest of the food.

01:47:51The Megalodon

01:47:53started to starve.

01:47:55In evolution, a new actor

01:47:57entered the scene.

01:47:59The toothed whales,

01:48:01ancestors of modern orcs.

01:48:03They lived in herds

01:48:05and had a brain bigger

01:48:07than that of the Megalodon.

01:48:09Then, over time,

01:48:11they began to compete with it.

01:48:13They took advantage of its clumsiness.

01:48:15I think this is the reason

01:48:17why the world's largest shark

01:48:19went extinct.

01:48:21But there are theories

01:48:23that the Megalodon is still alive

01:48:25and lives in the dark waters

01:48:27of our planet.

01:48:29Several Australian fishermen

01:48:31would have met a shark

01:48:33of an incredible size.

01:48:35But no one can confirm

01:48:37these testimonies.

01:48:39Partisans of this theory

01:48:41think that these giant sharks

01:48:43are even deeper than Mount Everest.

01:48:45And we even found

01:48:47the teeth of a Megalodon.

01:48:49But science says that such a giant shark

01:48:51could not live in the Marian Falls

01:48:53for many reasons.

01:48:55The first is that it is too cold.

01:48:57The Megalodon was probably

01:48:59a cold-blooded fish.

01:49:01It had to use the heat of its environment

01:49:03to survive.

01:49:05The water of the Marian Falls is very cold,

01:49:07about 4 degrees.

01:49:09It is because the deeper you go,

01:49:11the more the sun penetrates it.

01:49:13The second reason is the pressure.

01:49:15Every time you go down 10 meters,

01:49:17the pressure increases in an atmosphere.

01:49:19That is to say that at a depth of 30 meters,

01:49:21the water presses you three times harder

01:49:23than on the surface.

01:49:25The muscles and the weak cartilage

01:49:27of the Megalodon would not allow it

01:49:29to dive so deeply into the Marian Falls.

01:49:31And finally, the most important point,

01:49:33the food. The further away

01:49:35from the surface of the ocean,

01:49:37the less living organisms there are.

01:49:39The Megalodon lives in the Marian Falls

01:49:41at a depth of 3 to 6 meters.

01:49:43Only small fish live in the Marian Falls.

01:49:45A Megalodon would never be able

01:49:47to catch one.

01:49:49Judging by its size,

01:49:51all that the Megalodon did

01:49:53during its days was eat

01:49:55and then look for food again.

01:49:57Compare its weight to that of a human.

01:49:59An average human must consume

01:50:01about 2,000 calories per day

01:50:03for an average weight of about 80 kilos.

01:50:05The Megalodon weighed 470 times more

01:50:07than a human.

01:50:09So even all the fish that live

01:50:11in the Marian Falls

01:50:13could hardly feed a Megalodon,

01:50:15even for a few days.

01:50:17In short, all these theories

01:50:19are far from being founded,

01:50:21but in any case,

01:50:23it is always better to be careful

01:50:25at sea, isn't it?

01:50:27Most of the ocean

01:50:29is still surrounded by mystery,

01:50:31whether it is dark corners

01:50:33or creatures hiding in the abyss.

01:50:35For example, when you hear

01:50:37that creatures of depth

01:50:39have failed on the shore

01:50:41after the last storm,

01:50:43some just look weird,

01:50:45while others are real scary monsters

01:50:47living at more than 1,000 meters deep.

01:50:49The coldest and deepest parts

01:50:51of the ocean have generated

01:50:53a specific phenomenon called gigantism.

01:50:55Thus, sea spiders,

01:50:57calamari, worms,

01:50:59and many other animals,

01:51:01mainly invertebrates,

01:51:03are all much bigger

01:51:05and more frightening

01:51:07than the versions we observe

01:51:09in the less deep areas.

01:51:11In the depths of the Pacific,

01:51:13you can find a sea sponge

01:51:15as large as a monospace,

01:51:17or the Masonicototis Hamilton,

01:51:19or colossal calamari,

01:51:21which lives in sub-antarctic waters

01:51:23and is nearly 14 times longer

01:51:25than the Anchorne Minami

01:51:27or Nototodarus Slowani,

01:51:29a type of calamari that lives

01:51:31in the depths of the Pacific Ocean.

01:51:33In 2021, researchers managed

01:51:35to bring back images

01:51:37of the giant phantom jellyfish.

01:51:39It was at a depth of 1,000 meters

01:51:41and its tentacles extended

01:51:43over 10 meters long.

01:51:45I would not like to fall on it

01:51:47at the beach.

01:51:49It probably only feeds on

01:51:51small fish and planktons,

01:51:53but it can swim to depths

01:51:55of more than 6,500 meters.

01:51:57And there, this giant jellyfish

01:51:59does not find enough food.

01:52:01How does it survive then?

01:52:03Scientists have not yet

01:52:05found the answer to this question.

01:52:07And there are still more questions

01:52:09about the giant calamari,

01:52:11the largest member of its species

01:52:13ever discovered.

01:52:15This monster is 13 meters long

01:52:17and weighs nearly a ton.

01:52:19Imagine that these tentacles

01:52:21grabbed your car or any object

01:52:23of this kind, they would crush it

01:52:25as if it were a toy.

01:52:27There is no light in the abyss

01:52:29because the sun's rays cannot

01:52:31penetrate so deeply.

01:52:33So there are no algae or

01:52:35underwater plants.

01:52:37The local fauna therefore

01:52:39mainly feeds on snow.

01:52:41Marine snow is not like

01:52:43the one used to make

01:52:45good snowballs.

01:52:47It is all the small debris

01:52:49or debris that rain from

01:52:51the surface of the ocean,

01:52:53perhaps even remains

01:52:55that hide in the depths,

01:52:57like giant jellyfish.

01:52:59Jellyfish that generally live

01:53:01at such depths do not bother

01:53:03to look for their prey.

01:53:05They just wait for the poor animal

01:53:07to swim to their long tentacles

01:53:09and fall into the panel.

01:53:11This may not be the most effective

01:53:13technique because few animals

01:53:15risk swimming in these dark

01:53:17and cold areas.

01:53:19But this method saves energy.

01:53:21A giant jellyfish only eats

01:53:23what is about 45 calories.

01:53:25It is almost 50 times less calories

01:53:27than what an average person

01:53:29should consume per day.

01:53:31Thus, when a jellyfish takes a fish,

01:53:33it keeps it for a few days.

01:53:35We hope that giant jellyfish

01:53:37will not have the idea to go back

01:53:39to the surface to look for food

01:53:41when they will not have enough in the abyss.

01:53:43And we strongly wish that the giant

01:53:45giant sharks of Greenland,

01:53:47even more numerous, will not have the same idea.

01:53:49They are found at depths

01:53:51going up to 2,200 meters.

01:53:53They swim three times slower

01:53:55than we move on foot,

01:53:57a speed of 1.2 km per hour.

01:53:59This slowness is part of the mechanism

01:54:01of energy saving

01:54:03that creatures of the depths

01:54:05need to survive.

01:54:07But these sharks can perform

01:54:09short speed jumps

01:54:11when they try to catch a prey.

01:54:13However, they have in some way

01:54:15changed their diet,

01:54:17from predator to scavenger,

01:54:19given their environment.

01:54:21Because there will always be more remains

01:54:23falling from the surface than animals to hunt.

01:54:25The sharks of Greenland

01:54:27only grow 1 cm per year.

01:54:29And an average individual

01:54:31generally measures 6.5 meters long.

01:54:33Which means they live extremely long,

01:54:35sometimes up to 400 years.

01:54:37They also have a very slow metabolism,

01:54:39which is one of the main factors

01:54:41of their longevity.

01:54:43The sharks of Greenland

01:54:45like to spend time in cold waters.

01:54:47This is because their tissues

01:54:49contain specific chemical compounds

01:54:51that prevent the formation of ice crystals

01:54:53on their entire body.

01:54:55This means that they have

01:54:57a kind of natural antifreeze.

01:54:59What makes them so big?

01:55:01Scientists are still not sure,

01:55:03but some theories try to explain it.

01:55:05According to Kleiber's law,

01:55:07larger animals tend to be

01:55:09the most effective.

01:55:11Just compare a small fish

01:55:13to a whale,

01:55:15the whale has a much better metabolism.

01:55:17It conserves energy more efficiently

01:55:19and disperses it less

01:55:21in the environment in the form of heat.

01:55:23Larger animals can ingest

01:55:25larger prey.

01:55:27They are more likely to face

01:55:29difficult problems in their environment

01:55:31or to defend themselves against

01:55:33predators approaching them.

01:55:35In addition, the body thickens

01:55:37when the temperatures are lower.

01:55:39The shark of Greenland is a perfect example.

01:55:41Just like giant sea spiders.

01:55:43Sea spiders are quite common

01:55:45and there are very small ones,

01:55:47even 1 mm in size.

01:55:49But in the deepest areas of Antarctica,

01:55:51they become giants

01:55:531 meter long.

01:55:55If they become so big,

01:55:57it is because the cold water contains

01:55:59more oxygen.

01:56:01Oxygen therefore spreads more

01:56:03in the animal's body,

01:56:05which allows it to grow.

01:56:07Yes, both as an organism

01:56:09and as a nightmare creature.

01:56:11In this case, researchers

01:56:13discovered it accidentally

01:56:15when they surveyed the mysteries

01:56:17of the bottom of the Pacific Ocean.

01:56:19They came across unusual

01:56:21hydrothermal chimneys.

01:56:23It is the volcanic heat

01:56:25that is at the origin of it.

01:56:27When water infiltrates

01:56:29through cracks in the rock,

01:56:31these vents change direction

01:56:33and when the water comes out,

01:56:35it is rich in minerals

01:56:37and chemical compounds.

01:56:39This was a real surprise

01:56:41because not only are they not

01:56:43disturbed by these toxic chimneys

01:56:45and by the almost boiling temperature

01:56:47of the water,

01:56:49but they have developed

01:56:51entire ecosystems.

01:56:53They are unique because they do not

01:56:55need sunlight to survive.

01:56:57Instead, small bacteria

01:56:59are their main source of energy.

01:57:01These bacteria draw their energy

01:57:03directly from these toxic chemical compounds.

01:57:05So it is not about photosynthesis,

01:57:07but about a process

01:57:09called chemosynthesis.

01:57:11And these tuberous worms have no mouth.

01:57:13The bacteria live inside them.

01:57:15Funny story, isn't it?

01:57:17In addition, these scary worms

01:57:19can reach up to 2.4 meters.

01:57:21Batinomus, or giant isopods,

01:57:23are not better equipped either.

01:57:25They hide in the depths

01:57:27of the ocean,

01:57:29500 meters or more,

01:57:31far from the sunlight

01:57:33and look like monstrous clopods.

01:57:35They spend most of their time

01:57:37on the ocean floor,

01:57:39hoping to get food

01:57:41that falls from the upper layers

01:57:43of the ocean.

01:57:45Look at these tiny claws

01:57:47at the end of their legs.

01:57:49These isopods are used

01:57:51to remain stable

01:57:53when they move

01:57:55on the bottom of the ocean.

01:57:57As there is no light,

01:57:59they have long antennas

01:58:01that allow them to locate themselves.

01:58:03These isopods can measure

01:58:05more than 30 centimeters from head to tail.

01:58:07They are very patient animals.

01:58:09Do you remember that we said

01:58:11that the creatures of the depths

01:58:13rarely found food?

01:58:15Sometimes they have to wait years

01:58:17before getting a real meal.

01:58:19That's why their metabolism

01:58:21is incredibly slow.

01:58:23They can spend 5 years without eating anything.

01:58:25Just imagine, I'm hungry just to talk about it.

01:58:27In 2006, a biologist named Craig McLean

01:58:29conducted research

01:58:31to observe the differences

01:58:33between the abysses

01:58:35and the shallow regions of the ocean.

01:58:37He realized that the great depths

01:58:39reflected Foster's law.

01:58:41First of all,

01:58:43the most isolated parts of the globe

01:58:45develop a biodiversity

01:58:47that is not found anywhere else.

01:58:49Secondly, small organisms develop

01:58:51much more when they are isolated

01:58:53than life on large terrestrial expanses.

01:58:55Resources are limited,

01:58:57but also competition and predators.

01:58:59It is too expensive

01:59:01and too complicated

01:59:03to conduct such research.

01:59:05We will therefore expect

01:59:07that other storms

01:59:09will show us at least

01:59:11a part of the monstrous world

01:59:13that the frozen depths

01:59:15of the oceans hide.

01:59:17It is the largest

01:59:19and fiercest predator

01:59:21to have ever haunted the oceans.

01:59:23The Megalodon shark dominated

01:59:25the seas for centuries

01:59:27and is one of the few remains

01:59:29of the giant shark.

01:59:31All we know about the great monster

01:59:33of the seas,

01:59:35we learned from the fossils

01:59:37of these giant teeth

01:59:39that are about the size

01:59:41of an average human hand.

01:59:43Scientists estimated

01:59:45the size of the prehistoric shark

01:59:47using calculations

01:59:49based on the length

01:59:51of a Megalodon tooth.

01:59:53On average,

01:59:55a group of students

01:59:57examined replicas

01:59:59of Megalodon teeth

02:00:01printed in 3D

02:00:03to calculate the size of the shark

02:00:05using the tooth length method.

02:00:07But something was wrong.

02:00:09Each student calculated

02:00:11a different size for the same shark.

02:00:13Their estimates ranged

02:00:15from 12 m to 55 m.

02:00:17The paleontologist in charge

02:00:19of the project

02:00:21took a look at the students' equations.

02:00:23For decades,

02:00:25the equations were not accurate.

02:00:27So they invented a new method

02:00:29to calculate the size of the Megalodon

02:00:31using the width of the tooth

02:00:33instead of its length.

02:00:35It turned out that the average Megalodon

02:00:37would have measured about 20 m long.

02:00:39It's almost twice the size

02:00:41that scientists had previously estimated

02:00:43and that would mean that the average Megalodon

02:00:45had the length of two school buses.

02:00:47We have never discovered

02:00:49such a Megalodon skeleton.

02:00:51Megalodons have cartilage

02:00:53which means that they decompose quickly.

02:00:55Fortunately, shark teeth

02:00:57fall and grow back all their life.

02:00:59A shark can have

02:01:0140,000 teeth in one lifetime.

02:01:03So scientists managed

02:01:05to study different types of sharks

02:01:07based solely on their teeth.

02:01:09The Megalodon had about

02:01:11276 teeth.

02:01:13When it fell, its teeth landed

02:01:15in the seabed where they stayed

02:01:17for millions of years, fossilizing.

02:01:19Scientists have found its teeth

02:01:21and they are the only real trace

02:01:23of the existence of the monster.

02:01:25The word Megalodon means

02:01:27giant teeth.

02:01:29Its tooth is about 18 cm long.

02:01:31For comparison,

02:01:33the largest tooth of a white shark

02:01:35is only 7 cm long.

02:01:37To find a larger set of teeth,

02:01:39it would take 65 million years

02:01:41to find the great Tyrannosaurus rex

02:01:43whose teeth were

02:01:45an impressive size of 30 cm.

02:01:47Megalodon teeth have been discovered

02:01:49all over the world.

02:01:51This means that, unlike other marine animals

02:01:53of its time,

02:01:55the Megalodon was intercontinental.

02:01:57Even today, most sharks

02:01:59and marine animals tend to stay

02:02:01in one sea or one ocean.

02:02:03On the contrary,

02:02:05the Megalodon swam freely

02:02:07all over the world, moving between

02:02:09tropical and subtropical waters.

02:02:11Megalodon teeth have been found

02:02:13across all continents,

02:02:15including Antarctica.

02:02:17When a Megalodon appears

02:02:19in a movie or TV show,

02:02:21it is depicted as a giant version

02:02:23of a great white shark.

02:02:25Scientists used to think that

02:02:27the Megalodon and the great white shark

02:02:29came from a common ancestor,

02:02:31but this is not the case.

02:02:33In fact, it is more likely

02:02:35that the Megalodon was the half-sister

02:02:37of the ancestor of the great white shark,

02:02:39the macaw shark, with large teeth.

02:02:41This means that the Megalodon

02:02:43was a white shark after all.

02:02:45In reality, the Megalodon

02:02:47would have had a shorter muzzle

02:02:49than the great white shark,

02:02:51as well as longer pectoral fins

02:02:53that gave it a more

02:02:55shaggy and threatening shell.

02:02:57Not only was the Megalodon

02:02:59the largest shark in the world,

02:03:01but it was also one of the largest

02:03:03fish ever to exist.

02:03:05A super predator of this size

02:03:07must have needed a huge

02:03:09diet to stay in motion.

02:03:11The Megalodon diet

02:03:13consisted of larger species of fish,

02:03:15dolphins, and even

02:03:17other species of sharks.

02:03:19We have discovered old fossilized whale bones

02:03:21with marks of Megalodon teeth.

02:03:23This means that the Megalodon

02:03:25were not intimidated by their size

02:03:27and would have tried to feed themselves

02:03:29giant whales from the past.

02:03:31Scientists performed computer simulations

02:03:33to try to determine the hunting style

02:03:35of the ancient shark.

02:03:37Thanks to this technology,

02:03:39the Megalodon's hunting style

02:03:41was very different from that of modern sharks.

02:03:43Modern sharks dived

02:03:45directly into the most vulnerable

02:03:47part of their prey,

02:03:49such as the belly of a seal.

02:03:51Megalodon teeth were particularly

02:03:53suitable for biting through

02:03:55more resistant cartilage areas.

02:03:57This suggests that the Megalodon

02:03:59started by chewing the most robust

02:04:01fins of its prey, making it

02:04:03unable to swim away

02:04:05before launching its final attack.

02:04:07The size of a Megalodon

02:04:09was about 3 meters wide

02:04:11and 2.7 meters high,

02:04:13which is big enough for you to

02:04:15swim in it without touching any teeth.

02:04:17But this would be a bad idea.

02:04:19Its mouth was so big that

02:04:21the Megalodon could swallow a small car

02:04:23without even having to bite into it.

02:04:25Research teams from Australia

02:04:27and the United States collaborated

02:04:29to determine the bite force of the Megalodon

02:04:31using computer simulations.

02:04:33The results are terrifying.

02:04:35While the modern white shark

02:04:37has a bite force of 1.8 tons,

02:04:39the Megalodon could easily

02:04:41bite its prey with a bite force

02:04:43of 18.2 tons.

02:04:45The bite force of the Megalodon

02:04:47would easily be able to cut through

02:04:49steel and dominate any other

02:04:51predator in the ocean.

02:04:53Scientists believe that the Megalodon

02:04:55had the most powerful bite force

02:04:57of all the creatures that never existed.

02:04:59Its bite force would easily

02:05:01surpass that of the T-Rex,

02:05:03or even the T-Rex.

02:05:05Mysteriously, no one knows

02:05:07exactly when and how

02:05:09the Megalodon died.

02:05:11However, several theories

02:05:13circulate to explain

02:05:15how this could have happened.

02:05:17The Megalodon died at the end of the Pliocene,

02:05:19which was a global cooling phase

02:05:21that extended over 5 million years

02:05:23and ended more than 2.6 million years ago.

02:05:25New evidence suggests that

02:05:27the last Megalodon lived

02:05:29at least 3.6 million years

02:05:31before the end of the Pliocene.

02:05:33Another theory claims that

02:05:35these mega-sharks disappeared

02:05:37due to the change in the Earth's

02:05:39temperature after the Pliocene.

02:05:41When the Earth cooled down,

02:05:43the tropical waters of the oceans

02:05:45around the world dropped

02:05:47to colder temperatures.

02:05:49Scientists believe that this

02:05:51led to the extinction of

02:05:53a third of all large marine animals,

02:05:55which means that the Megalodon's

02:05:57food source was massively reduced.

02:05:59The Megalodons gave birth

02:06:01to their young in the waters

02:06:03close to the shore.

02:06:05The shallow coastal waters

02:06:07were a perfect nursery for

02:06:09newborn sharks, keeping them

02:06:11away from the large predators

02:06:13that roamed the free waters.

02:06:15When the ice formed around

02:06:17the poles of the Earth

02:06:19and the sea level dropped,

02:06:21these lowland areas were destroyed.

02:06:23The Megalodon's young would have

02:06:25had no choice but to swim

02:06:27A new theory suggests that

02:06:29the explosion of a star called

02:06:31Supernova could be responsible

02:06:33for the extinction of the Megalodon.

02:06:35About 2.6 million years ago,

02:06:37a Supernova located

02:06:39more than 150 light-years away

02:06:41illuminated the prehistoric sky

02:06:43and stayed there for months.

02:06:45A few hundred years after

02:06:47the Supernova went extinct,

02:06:49cosmic energy particles

02:06:51from the explosion of the star

02:06:53fell on Earth.

02:06:55This energy transported

02:06:57dangerous amounts of radiation.

02:06:59Researchers believe that these

02:07:01radiations could have caused

02:07:03the mass extinction of many

02:07:05marine animals, including the Megalodon.

02:07:07Particle radiation spread over

02:07:09hundreds of meters in the ocean

02:07:11and was more dangerous for

02:07:13larger creatures than for smaller ones.

02:07:15The larger a creature is,

02:07:17the more radiation it absorbs.

02:07:19However, the 20-meter-long Megalodon

02:07:21was large enough to absorb

02:07:23a lot of radiation.

02:07:25Some people think that the Megalodon

02:07:27is still alive today,

02:07:29hiding in the depths of the ocean.

02:07:31But it is unlikely to be true.

02:07:33Megalodons are a kind of warm water,

02:07:35which means that they would be

02:07:37unable to survive in the cold

02:07:39waters of the deep ocean.

02:07:41Most of the Megalodon's potential

02:07:43prey lives in less deep waters,

02:07:45which means that there would be

02:07:47very little food for the Megalodon

02:07:49in the depths of the ocean.

02:07:51However, we would have already

02:07:53spotted it today.

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