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Short filmTranscript
00:00We still rely on fossil fuels to provide energy to the population.
00:07To advance, we need to use all the energy in the world.
00:12But here I hit a problem.
00:15Let's say that this is the perfect example of a huge amount of energy into outer space.
00:22And by contrast, this would be the Earth, a tiny little peppercorn.
00:27Now, we are so far away from the sun, that we can only absorb about a billionth of the energy from the sun.
00:37I mean, what a waste!
00:44A British physicist named Freeman Dyson came up with a radical idea in 1959.
00:52What would it take to accumulate all the energy in the universe?
00:56His solution sounded like something out of a science fiction.
01:04Dyson imagined a new weapon that would accumulate the energy of the sun in the orbit of the sun.
01:10They would position themselves about 150 million kilometers from the sun,
01:14as far away from the Earth as possible, and they would accumulate a colossal amount of solar energy.
01:19All this energy would be sent back to the planet Earth.
01:23It was a miraculous, simple, clean, and elegant idea.
01:28Just as the satellites were positioned, they could take as much solar energy as possible.
01:33What a waste!
01:43NASA is building rockets that accumulate solar energy to send it to outer space, beyond the limits of our solar system.
01:51I could scale these rockets to the masses of a continent, and place them in the orbit of a bright star.
01:58Our energy reserves would increase over a billion times.
02:03But building a structure that is a star would be a very expensive task, even for science fiction.
02:11Let's try to calculate how much material it would take to build the Dyson Swarm.
02:18Dyson thought that his weapon with the satellite would create a shell.
02:23And if I do the math, I can calculate the area.
02:27Its satellites would be made of the same material as the sun, and would be about 3 meters wide.
02:33Bingo!
02:35I can now calculate the total volume of all this swarm around the sun.
02:41And it is about 1,000,000,000,000,000 kilometers.
02:443 quadrillion cubic miles.
02:49That's a big problem.
02:52Even if I mine all the planets of our solar system, I don't have enough resources to build something that large.
03:01And this is so frustrating, because we have a great idea.
03:06Unlimited solar energy, as far as what's in place.
03:09But we don't have enough material in our solar system to create this beautiful idea.
03:20I'm on a mission to build a new solar system.
03:24It was always going to be very difficult, but now my project is facing a big problem.
03:30I need to open a mine in our entire solar system, to build the Dyson weapon, with the best materials available.
03:39I need a material that is 100 times lighter and 100 times stronger.
03:44I've learned that this man creates such a thing.
03:47In his lab at Columbia University,
03:51in his lab at Columbia University,
03:54a type of carbon with amazing strength.
04:00A type of carbon with amazing strength.
04:06If graphene were to have the same strength as this,
04:11instead of exploding with the force of the sun, it would need a pressure of two tons.
04:17The secret of the strength of graphene is the atomic structure that is created inside the oven.
04:24It's too small to explode.
04:27This is what our professor has invented.
04:30Let's build some graphene.
04:32Yes, let's do it.
04:34In the hot oven, the methane burns on the surface of the metal.
04:38The hydrogen evaporates, and we have the individual atoms, the carbons,
04:42that burn on the surface of the metal.
04:46When the other atoms find the carbon, they burn.
04:49Automatically?
04:51Yes, automatically.
04:53Under the right conditions, all these atoms combine to create a lattice of graphene.
04:58If we talk about an extra carbon stress, like an atom,
05:02this is the effective way to go.
05:06Impossibly thin.
05:08Too thin, and sometimes too strong.
05:11Graphene is a miraculous material, and it's perfect for my design.
05:18I don't need to ask the entire solar system to create a satellite system.
05:22I only need graphene.
05:24But it is only like an extra atom.
05:26So you would only need an extra carbon, like an asteroid, or a small planet,
05:31in order to create my Dyson swarm.
05:35And putting this structure together is an engineering problem.
05:39Cosmic robot engineers can ask the entire solar system for extra carbon planets.
05:46Giant factories will melt the carbon in graphene panels.
05:50Robot workers will create, with these panels,
05:53the best radioactivity to create a swarm.
05:58But I think they can do even better than that.
06:01If I combine all the panels, I can make a Dyson swarm,
06:06that would capture 100% of the Earth's energy.
06:10And that's just another thought.
06:14You know, thinking about it,
06:17if we have a swarm that would capture all the sun,
06:21then where do we live?
06:24Maybe we live around the swarm.
06:26I mean, why do we live on a planet that doesn't work,
06:29which is a product of our evolution in the solar system?
06:34Why don't we live around the Dyson swarm?
06:38As long as we don't get caught by the sun, sure.
06:42But if someone tells me that we are around something,
06:45that would freak me out.
06:48The swarm is something good,
06:50but if the sun explodes, we will be in the middle of it.
06:54OK.
06:56Risks make this idea possible.
06:59But, come on, the biggest risk is the spirit of science fiction.
07:05Living on a Dyson swarm,
07:08I had the ambition of watching science fiction movies
07:11that I loved as a kid.
07:14Imagining a new global system,
07:17designed around this globe,
07:19this could be a new phase of our evolution as a civilization.
07:23From a planetary citizen to a new, stellar civilization.
07:29I will continue this idea,
07:31but there will be a big problem.
07:33The force of gravity.
07:35Without everything in the surface of the Earth's atmosphere,
07:38the Earth will fall apart.
07:41For my image to work,
07:43I have to make my citizens fall on the ground.
07:53The problem is this.
07:55My Dyson swarm does not have enough gravity to create the force of gravity.
07:59But you know, this is not a problem.
08:02Because I can create only one force of gravity.
08:12When this thing spins,
08:14the chairs spin out of the centrifugal force,
08:17away from the center of rotation.
08:19As Einstein said,
08:20acceleration does not depend on the effects of the force of gravity.
08:26So what I'm experimenting with is an artificial force of gravity.
08:30My body goes into a state of constant acceleration.
08:34Even though I'm six meters away from the ground,
08:37I don't fall forward or around.
08:39Instead, the centrifugal forces push me horizontally into my seat.
08:45Well, I should have gone to the school of astronauts,
08:48and not to that theoretical physics.
08:51The centrifugal force will do everything
08:54beyond the surface of the sphere of gravity.
08:57But how can I rotate something that big?
09:01Perhaps if I place a giant rocket outside.
09:04Then the sphere will rotate at high speed
09:07to transmit the force of gravity.
09:10But you know, there's a problem.
09:12You see, the centrifugal force is away from the axis of rotation.
09:16But the sphere of gravity is circular and smooth.
09:19Everything along the sphere will gradually move towards the equator,
09:23where it will collide.
09:27If I hold the project of a series of rings,
09:30the centrifugal force will act as the vertical walls of each ring.
09:36Anyone who is outside of them will be firmly on the ground.
09:46Well, in the end, I've arrived at the moment of truth.
09:50After the time of the experts and the creation of the project,
09:53it's time to face the fans.
09:56You know, we as scientists can see the future,
10:00but when you talk about the future,
10:03millions of years in the future,
10:05that's when all crystal balls start to get a little fuzzy.
10:08Now, I'm confident that my project
10:11is based on all the laws of physics,
10:13but let me be honest,
10:15there's always a risk.
10:17There's always an uncertainty
10:19when we think about so many years in the future.
10:23Ladies and gentlemen,
10:25I have a question for you.
10:27How many of you have seen the movie Galactica?
10:32And do you believe that one day we will live among the stars?
10:39Well, of course, we don't want to live among the stars.
10:41Instead of searching for a special planet,
10:44why not build one?
10:46And today I'm going to show you how.
10:50Robotic cosmic rings are made up of 27 large rings,
10:54and some of them require basic materials.
10:58We want carbon.
11:00Carbon is the material of nanotechnology.
11:03And there's a new material called graphene,
11:06that can be held like a letter,
11:08held like a molecule.
11:09It is basically the strongest material known to science.
11:14The machines are made up of carbon.
11:17The factories that work non-stop
11:19transfer the carbon to the graphene panels,
11:21which, in turn,
11:23are assembled by a group of massive robots
11:25that reproduce the stars themselves
11:27to create a megastructure with them
11:29with a diameter of 290 million kilometers.
11:32But there's a problem.
11:34The problem is that the water will overflow,
11:36so there's no force of gravity.
11:37Giant booster rockets are used everywhere
11:40to create a centrifugal force.
11:42The equator will rotate more than normal,
11:45and the straight lines rotate faster.
11:47That's how you make sure
11:49that the force of gravity is in the center of the sphere.
11:52Along the vertical faces of everything,
11:54the part of the ring has moved to the center of the sphere,
11:57and is ready for people.
12:00The rings of the rockets
12:02are used to generate a powerful,
12:04energy-free world.
12:10So there you have it,
12:12the evolution of human evolution in space.
12:19We're going to have a lot of energy
12:21and a lot of space where we can live.
12:23It's a perfect idea.
12:25It's amazing when it comes to execution.
12:27Nanotechnology is very good.
12:29Yes, we use nanotechnology.
12:31And artificial intelligence.
12:32This is what we know from Babylon 5.
12:35A sphere with the power of an ideal system
12:38would be an amazing memory.
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17:07The sunshine and beaches of South Florida attract many types of people.
17:14Aspiring young models gravitate here with the hopes of being discovered.
17:19Beginning in February 1984, the dreams of Stardust darkened into nightmares when several
17:28young women disappeared.
17:31It was the beginning of a string of brutal and terrifying murders that spread out across
17:35the country.
18:05It's a model's job to rivet the public's attention, but in 1984, some aspiring models
18:14began attracting publicity in a terrible new way.
18:17Across the country, dreams of glamour turned nightmarish as young women disappeared, only
18:23to be found tortured and killed.
18:25I'm Jim Kallstrom, former head of the FBI's New York office.
18:29When a suspect emerged, the FBI's 10 Most Wanted list became the tool we used to try
18:35to flush him out.
18:45The promising life of Beth Kenyon came to a violent end on March 5th, 1984.
18:56The attractive 23-year-old dreamed of becoming a model.
19:00She had even been a finalist in the Miss Florida pageant.
19:08But all her hopes were cut short this Monday afternoon.
19:20The next day, Beth's parents reported her disappearance to the Miami police.
19:28The police merely listed Beth as a missing person, and explained many girls her age drop
19:32out of sight for various reasons without telling their parents.
19:40But the Kenyons knew their daughter wasn't the type to just vanish after a few days on
19:44a lark.
19:46They hired private detective Ken Whittaker and his son, Ken Jr., to investigate.
19:53The Kenyons told the Whittakers that Beth worked as a teacher of emotionally disturbed
19:56children.
19:59She was responsible, and enjoyed a close relationship with her family.
20:06Fearing something had happened to Beth, the Kenyons had searched their daughter's apartment
20:10in North Dade County for anything that might help them find her.
20:14But all they found was an address book and a picture album.
20:25Armed with little more than a few snapshots of Beth and her friends, the investigators
20:29went to work.
20:34The father and son team quickly narrowed down Beth Kenyon's last known whereabouts.
20:40Ken Whittaker Jr. talked to an attendant at a Miami gas station near the school where
20:44Beth taught.
20:46Ken showed the attendant several photographs.
20:52He clearly remembered Beth, but he also recognized someone else in the photos, a man that accompanied
20:59Beth the afternoon she disappeared.
21:01His name was Christopher Wilder.
21:06On March 11th, six days after Beth's disappearance, the investigators contacted Wilder by phone.
21:14He denied knowing where Beth was, but invited the Whittakers to his house to speak more
21:18about her.
21:22But when Wilder didn't answer his door, the suspicious investigators decided to look around.
21:30They had learned he was a successful building contractor and a self-proclaimed fashion photographer.
21:38The Kenyons had told the father and son team that Wilder had proposed to their daughter,
21:44but that she had turned him down, leaving him upset and angry.
21:51Rifling through the garbage, the Whittakers found a photograph.
21:56On the surface, it appeared an innocent picture, but to trained eyes, it meant more.
22:05The investigators soon learned that Christopher Wilder had driven a car in the Miami Grand
22:09Prix.
22:11On February 26th, 1984, he finished 17th and won $400.
22:19That race day was also the last time that anyone saw Rosario Gonzalez.
22:26The 20-year-old worked for a marketing firm distributing free aspirin samples at the Grand
22:31Prix.
22:34The Miami news still buzzed with the mysterious disappearance of Gonzalez.
22:39She had vanished just five days before Beth Kenyon.
22:47The investigators discovered that Wilder knew Gonzalez.
22:51She had modeled for him in amateur photo shoots.
22:54It was a critical connection.
22:57The two missing women, Beth Kenyon and Rosario Gonzalez, were linked through Christopher
23:02Wilder.
23:06With this information, Mr. and Mrs. Kenyon sought the help of the FBI.
23:11Agent John Hanlon of the FBI's Violent Crimes Unit in Miami remembers the meeting.
23:18On the 12th of March, the Kenyons came to the FBI seeking more active involvement of
23:28the FBI.
23:29Of course, we didn't have any jurisdiction at the time.
23:31There was no evidence of an abduction.
23:33In an attempt to put pressure on Wilder, the Kenyons' private investigators leaked their
23:38findings to the Miami Herald.
23:41The story was published on March 16th, 1984.
23:46Though the article did not mention Christopher Wilder's name, it clearly accused him.
23:54The report described the man connecting Gonzalez and Kenyon as a local contractor, race car
24:00driver, amateur photographer, and a native Australian.
24:04It was Wilder to a T.
24:10Although the FBI had no jurisdiction, Supervisory Special Agent Gordon McNeil had already begun
24:16looking into the matter.
24:18This connection drew my interest, and I decided to open a preliminary kidnapping investigation
24:28to see if we had a possible violation of federal law.
24:33Agents McNeil and Hanlon found Wilder was a likely suspect.
24:37He had a criminal history that reached back to his native Australia, where he was out
24:42on bail on a sexual assault charge.
24:47Days later, on March 21st, the agents were notified about an incident which allowed them
24:53to open a full investigation.
24:57A phone call came into the Miami FBI office reporting that a Tallahassee, Florida woman
25:02had been abducted and transported across state lines into Georgia, where she escaped.
25:10The initial description of her assailant fit Christopher Wilder.
25:19Special Agent Hanlon flew to Georgia to hear the victim's story.
25:25It was a nightmare.
25:3316-year-old Linda Grober told Hanlon she'd been shopping in a mall in Tallahassee, Florida,
25:37when a man approached her about a modeling job.
25:48Claiming to be a photographer, the stranger invited her back to his car to see his portfolio.
25:54It was the middle of the afternoon in a very public place, and Linda said she felt perfectly
25:59safe.
26:03When he asked her if she'd ever modeled, she said no.
26:06He flattered her with remarks about how beautiful she was, and promised he could put her on
26:10the cover of Vogue.
26:15But Linda reported that when they got to his car, the photographer began changing his story.
26:22He claimed he'd left his portfolio at his studio, and he asked Linda to go back to the
26:26studio with him.
26:29When she hesitated, the man attacked and pushed her into the car.
26:34He clubbed her on the back of her head.
26:40Everything just went black.
26:46When she regained consciousness, they were driving on a country road.
26:53When her abductor saw her coming around, he stopped the car in a secluded spot.
27:07He dragged Linda from the car, telling her that if she tried to escape, he would kill
27:11her.
27:17He wrapped his fingers around her throat and strangled her until she passed out.
27:37The next time she woke up, she was wrapped in a sleeping bag, lying on a bed in a cheap
27:42motel room.
27:56Once again, he threatened to kill her if she tried to escape.
28:02He tied her to the bed and superglued her eyes shut.
28:08For the next several hours, the kidnapper repeatedly raped, beat, and tortured Linda
28:13Grober.
28:15When she disobeyed his commands, he shocked her with an extension cord he had fashioned
28:19into an electrocution device.
28:26The abuse was so severe, Linda realized she would be dead before someone found her.
28:34She managed to break free and locked herself in the bathroom.
28:40She pounded on the walls and screamed for help.
28:53The rapist panicked, grabbed what he could, and ran.
29:11Agent Hanlon showed Grober a series of photos and asked if she could identify her assailant.
29:22It was absolutely no doubt in my mind, I mean, I'd spent hours with this person that
29:27that's who he was, and I just identified him as clearly Christopher Wilder.
29:38Now 35, a Ph.D. candidate, and a single mom, Linda Grober's fierce determination saved
29:44her life.
29:47It also made her a strong witness, ready to risk everything for her abuser's arrest.
29:54I was in the hospital for a week or something like that, and then I was, I had to basically
29:59leave the country while he was still a fugitive because they were concerned about my safety.
30:05They were concerned about my family's safety.
30:09As heinous as Grober's ordeal was, it had the value of catapulting the investigation
30:14into a federal case.
30:18Because she had been abducted across a state line, the FBI now had full jurisdiction.
30:25Christopher Wilder was now wanted for the kidnapping and rape of Linda Grober, and he
30:30remained the prime suspect in the disappearance of Rosario Gonzalez and Beth Kenya.
30:37Obviously now we had a federal violation, and we had every reason to put all the resources
30:42of the FBI into this case.
30:55Not knowing exactly where to find Wilder, a team of agents descended upon his house
30:59in full force.
31:05Breaking in the door, they poured in, ready to arrest the suspect.
31:17But they found an empty house.
31:22Wilder had long abandoned it.
31:24He was on the run, days ahead of the federal agents.
31:29And every minute he remained free put another woman in jeopardy.
31:35But a desperate chase had begun.
31:40March 1984, FBI agents conducted a meticulous search of the abandoned home belonging to
31:46Christopher Wilder.
31:48Two women were missing and presumed dead at his hands.
31:52A third had barely escaped with her life after her kidnapping and rape.
31:58The agents needed something to clue them in to their suspect's present whereabouts.
32:10But before he left, Wilder had prepared his home for any investigator.
32:16The place had been manicured.
32:18There were basically no fingerprints left in Wilder's house.
32:21You're always going to find fingerprints inside a residence.
32:23It looked like everything had been totally cleaned.
32:28FBI and local authorities canvassed Miami and West Palm Beach.
32:34But no one reported having seen or heard from Wilder since he left Linda Grober Inn at Georgia
32:38Motel.
32:41The FBI alerted police to keep an eye out for Wilder's car.
32:45They asked banks and credit card companies to monitor any transactions he might make.
32:51But informational systems in 1984 moved slowly.
32:55The leads trickled in and were usually too late for a quick response.
33:11On March 21, 1984, a sharp-eyed utility repairman in central Florida noticed something unusual
33:18in a shallow creek.
33:27It was the barely recognizable body of a young woman.
33:32She was later identified as 21-year-old Teresa Ferguson.
33:36Witnesses last saw her three days earlier, leaving a shopping mall with a man-fitting
33:41Wilder's description.
33:45The autopsy showed she'd been beaten with a tire iron and strangled to death.
33:53The victim's profile and the savagery of the crime suggested Wilder.
34:02But nothing directly tied him to it.
34:06If it was the Australian contractor, the FBI agents knew they had a serial killer on the
34:12loose.
34:14One that had to be stopped before he murdered again.
34:20Agents continued to follow the suspect's trail.
34:24An automatic security camera photographed Wilder at a bank in Tampa.
34:31The bank records showed that he had emptied his accounts of more than $19,000.
34:37It was an ominous break.
34:39The prey now had the money to travel far and wide.
34:45By March 22, 1984, Wilder was already in Texas.
34:57Witnesses saw him approach 23-year-old Terry Walden in the parking lot of Lamar University
35:02in Beaumont, Texas.
35:06Walden was a wife, mother of two, and a nursing student.
35:13Wilder asked her if she'd like to join him.