Scienza & Salute: 'Il tè, bevanda popolare e universale'

  • 3 months ago
(Adnkronos) - Il tè, bevanda popolare e universale. Dopo l'acqua è certamente la bevanda più consumata al mondo. E’ il tè, l’argomento dell’odierna puntata de 'Il Gusto della Salute', la rubrica online condotta dall'immunologo Mauro Minelli, docente di dietetica e nutrizione umana presso Lum. "Il tè

affonda le sue radici nella notte dei tempi. Le sue origini si fanno risalire alla Cina di oltre 5000 anni fa, prima di diventare una bevanda tipica della civiltà occidentale in tempi moderni. Basti pensare ai paesi anglosassoni noti per la cosiddetta 'ora del tè' - spiega Minelli - Esistono numerose varietà di tè, differenti per sapore, aroma, colore che può virare dal bianco, al giallo, al verde, al nero, pur derivando tutte da un’unica pianta madre: la Camelia Sinensis. Saranno poi i metodi di lavorazione a cui sono sottoposte le foglie, basati su processi di ossidazione o fermentazione, a definire le diverse tipologie di tè".  Tra le sostanze benefiche contenute nel tè "vanno menzionati anzitutto i polifenoli che, nella varietà verde, sono principalmente rappresentati dalle catechine, con particolare riferimento all’Epigallocatechina-3-gallato (Egcg); nel tè nero, invece, spiccano le teorubicine e le teoflavine. Ben noto - prosegue l'immunologo - è il potere antiossidante dei polifenoli, capaci di neutralizzare l'azione dei radicali liberi che, lasciati a sé, porterebbero nel tempo ad un progressivo danneggiamento del Dna intracellulare la cui integrità rimane l’elemento base della nostra salute. A tal proposito, studi condotti su linee cellulari e in animali di laboratorio sembrano confermare la capacità dei polifenoli del tè di bloccare la replicazione e di ridurre l'invasività delle cellule tumorali, così difendendoci dal rischio di malattie gravi". "Ma il tè contiene altre sostanze virtuose tra le quali alcaloidi come la caffeina in grado, oltre che di stimolare le nostre attività psicomotorie rendendoci molto più attivi ed efficienti nell'arco della giornata, anche di aumentare la capacità di resistenza a sonno e fatica. Inoltre la caffeina è pure in grado di implementare le funzioni respiratorie stimolando il centro nervoso che modula tali funzioni. Altri alcaloidi presenti nel tè sono la teofillina e la teobromina che esercitano soprattutto un'azione di rilassamento sul tessuto muscolare, generando broncodilatazione e modulando le funzioni delle vie biliari oltre che le attività peristaltiche delle pareti intestinali", ricorda Minelli.  "Ai tannini, altri polifenoli contenuti nel tè, viene invece attribuita attività antinfiammatoria ma anche astringente e antidiarroica, essendo in grado di regolare le funzioni delle ghiandole intestinali. Il tè - conferma - è generalmente presente nelle diete dimagranti in quanto gli agenti antiossidanti contenuti nella bevanda, accelerando il metabolismo di grassi e di zuccheri, contribuiscono a mantenere nei limiti i livelli di zuccheri e colesterolo nel sangue. Ragione per cui il tè viene considerato bevanda utile e proficua ai fini della prevenzione di aterosclerosi e malattie cardiovascolari". "Tuttavia, anche per il tè vanno ricordate alcune limitazioni in quanto, se consumata in quantità eccessiva, questa nobile bevanda può associarsi a qualche effetto indesiderato, proprio in forza di quegli alcaloidi, tra i quali la caffeina, già in precedenza menzionati. Infatti, un consumo esagerato tè potrebbe generare tachicardia, nervosismo, insonnia, agitazione. Per tutti questi potenziali effetti collaterali è conseguentemente sconsigliata l’assunzione di tè da parte dei bambini. Tanto il tè verde quanto il tè nero - conclude - sono anche in grado di inibire l'assorbimento del ferro, generando effetti negativi su quelle persone che dovessero soffrire di uno stato anemico ferrocarenziale. Il tè, infine, è in grado di interferire con l'azione farmacologica di alcuni medicamenti tra i quali vanno soprattutto menzionati alcuni chemioterapici, i cui effetti terapeutici risultano essere fortemente contrastati da alcune molecole presenti nelle foglie di tè. Piccoli accorgimenti utili, tuttavia, a rendere il consumo di tè gustoso e sicuro".

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00:00Welcome to the 90th episode of Gusto della Salute,
00:04an episode dedicated to what, after the water,
00:08is certainly the best known and most consumed drink in the world.
00:13We are obviously talking about tea,
00:15which is obtained from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant,
00:20an original plant from China and Japan,
00:23but then widely cultivated also in India and throughout Southeast Asia.
00:29We will talk about it shortly after the opening.
00:31INTRODUCTION
00:35MUSIC
00:57Shortly after being harvested,
01:00the leaves of the tea begin to wither
01:04and undergo a process of chemical transformation
01:07during which some molecules present in the leaves
01:12will determine a progressive browning.
01:16This process, improperly called oxidation,
01:20consists of a series of reactions
01:23that will lead to the creation of new plant substances
01:27that will then give the different types of tea
01:31the peculiar characteristics,
01:33that is, the aromas, scents and flavors
01:36that man has known for millennia.
01:38So many millennia, how many are those that mark the history of tea?
01:43MUSIC
01:50When we talk about tea,
01:52there would be a lot to say about it,
01:54because it is a drink
01:56perfectly incorporated into modern culture.
02:00Yet the discovery of tea dates back to almost 5,000 years ago,
02:05in distant and ancient China.
02:08Then, many centuries later,
02:10Europe discovered this precious infusion,
02:14especially because of the important economic relations
02:19with India and the Far East.
02:22Today, however, tea plays an important role
02:25also in the definition of time,
02:28because there is the hour of tea.
02:31Let's think of the Anglo-Saxon countries,
02:33England, London,
02:35where, by old tradition,
02:38it is customary to taste a cup of tea in the afternoon
02:43with family or friends.
02:45Then there is the cup of tea,
02:47which has become a real emblem in modern culture.
02:51Let's think of cinema, for example.
02:53The great Italian director Bernardo Bertolucci
02:56shot one of his masterpieces,
02:58entitled Il tè nel deserto,
03:01a film that many remember,
03:04played by John Malkovich and Debra Winger,
03:07where, in the end, tea does not have a real role
03:12in the film,
03:14but it is perfect to name it.
03:18TEA
03:24From the mother plant of tea,
03:26different types are obtained,
03:28which differ in taste and color,
03:30also for beneficial properties.
03:32In particular, the different varieties
03:34change according to the processing processes
03:36to which they are subjected.
03:38The most widespread variety is that of black tea,
03:40which has a good amount of tea,
03:42and in this type of tea,
03:44the leaves are oxidized after drying.
03:46Green tea is famous for its beneficial properties.
03:48Here the leaves are subjected to heat
03:50to avoid oxidation
03:52and, above all, it is known for its high amount of polyphenols.
03:56Yellow tea is a type of tea
03:58very similar to that of green tea,
04:00as it undergoes the same processing processes
04:02that follow the phase of leaf yellowing.
04:05It corresponds to a very rare variety,
04:07especially expensive.
04:09White tea, also within the Emperor,
04:11is a variety appreciated for its delicate flavor
04:14that can be obtained from sprouts
04:16or from the epical green leaves.
04:18White tea expresses its properties
04:20especially if the infusion is carried out at high temperature
04:23for a short time.
04:25In the case of green tea,
04:27it requires an infusion at a lower temperature
04:29for a longer time,
04:31so as to be able to extract all the antioxidant components,
04:34while an infusion with boiling water
04:36for a short time
04:38is required for black tea.
04:45Many and different are the beneficial properties of tea,
04:49properties linked to a multiplicity of virtuous substances
04:54contained in this drink.
04:56Among these substances,
04:58a particular mention
05:00deserves the polyphenols,
05:02polyphenols that in green tea
05:04are above all represented by catechins
05:07and, in particular, the epigallocatechin
05:10trigallate.
05:12On the other hand,
05:14in black tea, the prolonged oxidation
05:16will increase the concentration
05:18of other complex polyphenols,
05:20especially represented by the theorubicines
05:24and the theoflavines.
05:26Now, both the latter
05:28and the catechins,
05:30we know, are able,
05:32that is, all polyphenols,
05:34with particular reference to those contained in tea,
05:37are able to perform
05:39a very important antioxidant function,
05:42in the sense that they are substances
05:44able to block
05:46the action of free radicals,
05:48which, left alone,
05:50will create, over time,
05:52a progressive damage
05:54to the DNA contained
05:56inside our cells.
05:58And, on the other hand,
06:00studies conducted on cell lines
06:02and on laboratory animals
06:04have shown that
06:06the polyphenols contained in tea
06:08are able to block
06:10the multiplication
06:12and to reduce
06:14the invasiveness of tumor cells.
06:16Among other things,
06:18the polyphenols in tea
06:20are also able to perform
06:22a protective action
06:24against damage
06:26caused by exposure to ultraviolet rays,
06:28as well as they are able
06:30to modulate the functions
06:32of the immune system.
06:34Other substances contained in tea
06:36are alkaloids,
06:38and among alkaloids
06:40I would like to mention
06:42caffeine,
06:44because even in tea
06:46there is caffeine.
06:48In this regard,
06:50I would like to remind you
06:52that in a cup of espresso coffee,
06:54a 50 ml cup,
06:56there is about 50 mg of caffeine.
06:58In a 50 ml cup
07:00of mocha coffee
07:02there is about 75 mg
07:04of caffeine.
07:06In a 170 ml cup
07:08of green tea
07:10there is about
07:1250 mg of caffeine.
07:14In a 170 ml cup
07:16of black tea
07:18there is about
07:2070 mg of caffeine.
07:22So, caffeine is
07:24an alkaloid
07:26present in tea.
07:28Caffeine is a substance
07:30that is able to increase
07:32in some way
07:34our resistance
07:36to fatigue and sleep.
07:38It is able to stimulate
07:40all our
07:42psychomotor activities.
07:44It is, among other things,
07:46able to make us
07:48much more active
07:50during the day.
07:52Beyond caffeine,
07:54which is also
07:56able to stimulate
07:58the respiratory functions
08:00as it stimulates
08:02the nervous center
08:04that modulates the respiratory functions
08:06and therefore increases
08:08the volume of air
08:10in the unit of time,
08:12in addition to caffeine,
08:14there are other alkaloids
08:16such as theobromine
08:18and theophylline,
08:20which have an action of
08:22relaxation on the muscle tissue,
08:24they are able to generate
08:26a bronchodilation,
08:28they act on the biliary pathways
08:30and also on the smooth musculature
08:32of the intestine,
08:34modulating the peristaltic
08:36activities of the intestine itself.
08:38Tea is hardly missing
08:40in the diet of the leaner,
08:42because the polyphenols
08:44and the various antioxidants
08:46contained in this substance
08:48are able to accelerate
08:50the metabolism of fats and sugars,
08:52thus contributing to maintain
08:54under control the hematic levels
08:56and the glycemia,
08:58therefore preventive action of tea
09:00in relation to the formation
09:02of atherosclerosis platelets
09:04and preventive action
09:06on the appearance of
09:08cardiovascular diseases.
09:10All this has also been demonstrated
09:12by some studies,
09:14according to which the consumption
09:16of one or two cups of tea
09:18a day would be able
09:20to burn about 100 calories.
09:26The tannins,
09:28other polyphenols contained in tea,
09:30are able to perform
09:32an anti-inflammatory action
09:34and lowering in some way
09:36the function of the
09:38intestinal glands,
09:40they are also able to perform
09:42an astringent and antidiarrheal function.
09:50Also for tea, however,
09:52some limitations must be remembered,
09:54in the sense that
09:56tea consumed in excessive quantities
09:58can be associated
10:00with some unwanted effect,
10:02this especially
10:04due to the presence
10:06in tea of some of the substances
10:08that I mentioned previously,
10:10among which mainly alkaloids
10:12and among alkaloids especially caffeine.
10:14As far as we know,
10:16in the adult man
10:18it is generally well tolerated
10:20an amount of caffeine
10:22equal to about 6 mg
10:24per kg of body weight,
10:26this is the maximum,
10:28because then there are
10:30particularly sensitive subjects
10:32who tolerate much less,
10:34it must be said that
10:36an excessive use of substances
10:38and drinks such as tea
10:40could generate
10:42tachycardia, palpitations, nervousness,
10:44insomnia, agitation,
10:46so the concept
10:48of moderation
10:50must be applied
10:52also evidently to tea,
10:54just as it should be remembered
10:56that precisely because of these
10:58potential side effects,
11:00tea should be avoided in children.
11:06Both green tea and black tea
11:08are also able
11:10to interfere, inhibiting it,
11:12with the absorption
11:14of iron and this therefore
11:16will be taken into account
11:18by those people who
11:20should have or suffer from
11:22an anemic iron deficiency.
11:24Among other things,
11:26tea is also able to interfere
11:28with the pharmacological action
11:30of some drugs,
11:32especially antitumor drugs
11:34and among these I would like to
11:36remember in particular
11:38Bortezumib, which is an antitumor drug
11:40whose action
11:42is actually inhibited
11:44by some molecules
11:46of tea, therefore small precautions
11:48to taste
11:50a nice cup of tea
11:52with peace of mind and satisfaction.
12:16Music
12:18Music
12:20Music
12:22Music
12:24Music

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