Environ 99 % de la Mongolie est constituée de vastes étendues sans constructions, et cela s'explique par le fait que la plupart des Mongols préfèrent vivre dans les villes, en particulier dans la capitale, Oulan-Bator. Le reste du pays est un incroyable mélange de déserts, de montagnes et de prairies, parfait pour les nomades et leurs troupeaux, mais moins adapté à la construction de grandes villes. De plus, avec une population d'environ 3 millions de personnes réparties sur une superficie presque équivalente à celle de l'Alaska, il y a beaucoup d'espace pour vagabonder. C'est le terrain de jeu ultime pour quiconque aime la nature et les grands espaces ouverts ! Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00 In the past, there were dinosaurs in Mongolia.
00:03 Today, there are as many horses as there are inhabitants, and ten times more sheep.
00:07 It is the world's fastest country.
00:10 The capital has been moved 28 times, and they even have their own Olympic Games.
00:15 Mongolia is located here, on the plateau of Central Asia, just north of China.
00:21 It is the 19th country in the world by its surface area, but it only has a little more than 3 million inhabitants.
00:28 It is as if the population of Los Angeles had an entire country to itself.
00:32 If we do not count Greenland, Mongolia is the country where the population density is the lowest.
00:37 There are only 2 inhabitants for 1.3 km/h, against 37 for the United States.
00:43 Finally, if we only count humans.
00:45 Mongolia has a lot of cattle, about 67 million heads, that is 20 times more than the number of inhabitants.
00:52 Half of these animals are sheep.
00:56 Yet, of all the animals in the country, the most prestigious is the horse.
01:00 A traditional saying says "a Mongolian without a horse is like a bird without wings", and it explains a lot of things.
01:08 A person who has many horses is considered rich, but do not imagine huge farms with large stables filled with stables.
01:16 In Mongolia, owning stables is quite exceptional.
01:19 Horses live in the open air all year round.
01:23 The maintenance of a horse costs practically nothing, because horses live in freedom and find their own food.
01:29 The nature of the country provides them with enough.
01:32 Winters are rough, because everything is covered with snow.
01:36 But horses know how to distinguish grass from snow.
01:38 They are weakened once spring comes, due to the lack of food.
01:42 But they recover very quickly after the end of winter.
01:45 A family can have a sacred horse in their herd.
01:48 They wear a blue scarf around their neck and are almost never mounted.
01:52 The inhabitants love their horses, and this particular affection goes back several centuries.
01:57 There are many songs, stories, myths and works of art depicting horses.
02:02 In the Mongolian language, there are about 500 words to describe their characteristics,
02:07 and more than 200 words to describe the color and design of their clothes.
02:11 Horses also have a spiritual meaning.
02:15 It is thought that their spirits can help their owners, and that they will one day take them to paradise.
02:20 This explains why they are often sacrificed after a family death.
02:24 In addition to domestic animals, the country houses endangered species.
02:29 And then, a long time ago, dinosaurs traveled the country.
02:33 This is where the first dinosaur egg was discovered.
02:36 Today, dinosaurs have of course disappeared, but there are snow panthers in Mongolia.
02:42 And they are also rare.
02:44 If you ever go to this country, be careful.
02:48 These felines are so silent that you will not hear them approach you.
02:52 They make no noise when walking.
02:55 But let's go back to geography.
02:57 The climate of Mongolia can be rough and unpredictable.
03:00 In one day, the temperature can vary from 18 degrees Celsius.
03:05 The country has no access to large waterways.
03:09 This is why it is very dry, and it rarely rains there.
03:12 To the south of Mongolia is one of the coldest deserts on the planet.
03:17 The Gobi Desert.
03:19 Only 5% of the desert is covered with sand, the rest being only raw rock.
03:24 There are rivers, small lakes and meadows.
03:27 But also gold, coal and copper.
03:30 So it's not a very typical desert.
03:33 Rain clouds do not reach this region because of the Himalayan chain that makes it dark.
03:38 And the desert is expanding every year.
03:40 Because of climate change of course,
03:43 but also because of deforestation and changes in the use of land.
03:47 The whole country is therefore quite dry, with little rainfall.
03:51 And that's why the inhabitants are not afraid of the desert.
03:54 Yes, the desert is populated.
03:56 There are people who live there.
03:58 They are nomads who take care of the livestock.
04:01 Nomads are people who do not have a fixed home.
04:04 They travel with their animals from one place to another, depending on the seasons.
04:08 When they settle somewhere, they set up tents, called yurts.
04:12 In Mongolia, these habitats have existed for thousands of years.
04:15 And it is amazing to see that some people continue to use them.
04:19 The skeleton of a yurt is made up of posts,
04:22 which are then covered with layers of felt and waterproof fabric.
04:26 The Mongols are a very welcoming nation as a whole.
04:29 But the nomads are even more so.
04:31 They do not often receive visits, but are always ready to welcome someone,
04:36 to make him taste the traditional juman milk.
04:38 They don't even have bells at the entrance to their yurts.
04:41 Visitors can enter without warning.
04:44 Of course, people also live in cities and villages, and have fixed houses.
04:49 In fact, they make up the majority, about three quarters of the population.
04:53 The largest city in the country is the capital, Ulaanbaatar.
04:57 Almost half of the country's population is concentrated there,
05:01 although it is the coldest capital in the world.
05:05 The average annual temperature there is 0 ° C.
05:09 The average temperature in Washington, for example, is 16 ° C, and 6 ° C in Ottawa.
05:15 When the city was founded in the 17th century,
05:18 it was located about 290 km southwest of its current location.
05:24 It was then moved a little more than 28 times.
05:28 Why?
05:29 In the past, most of the inhabitants were nomadic barns,
05:32 and the capital was therefore also mobile.
05:35 Depending on the seasons, the pastures, the water reserves and many other factors,
05:40 they moved with their inhabitants.
05:42 Today, the city is large and sedentary.
05:45 Maybe it will never be moved again, but who knows?
05:49 I know, I know, I haven't told you about the Mongolian Olympic Games yet.
05:53 The event is called the Naadam.
05:56 It is an annual festival organized in the middle of summer,
05:59 and which most Mongols attend.
06:02 In one form or another, this festival has existed for centuries.
06:05 In the country, this festival is called the Three Virile Games.
06:09 And the participants face each other in three disciplines
06:12 traditionally considered particularly masculine.
06:15 So what are these three games?
06:17 It is Mongolian wrestling, horse racing and archery.
06:21 Originally, only men fought,
06:24 but recently women have participated in archery and horse racing.
06:28 Mongolian wrestling, of folkloric origin, has existed for thousands of years.
06:33 We can see representations on many ancient plates found in the region.
06:38 Today, it is the most popular sport in the country,
06:41 and Mongolia also hosts many international tournaments.
06:45 Wrestling therefore holds an important place in the festival,
06:48 and it is through it that we begin.
06:50 The rules are very simple.
06:52 The one who touches the ground with something other than a foot, immediately loses.
06:56 There is no weight category, no age limit or time limit.
06:59 You need the time you need to win.
07:01 But elegance is a must.
07:03 Courtesy is very important in a match.
07:06 For example, if the opponent's clothes get tangled,
07:09 the other is supposed to stop and help him solve the problem,
07:14 even if it means missing a good chance to win.
07:17 At the end of the match, when one of the participants is defeated,
07:21 the winner gives him the hand and helps him get up.
07:24 The match starts with 512 or 1024 participants fighting on the floor.
07:29 Each loser is eliminated.
07:31 The game continues for 9 or 10 rounds,
07:34 depending on the initial number of participants, until a winner is found.
07:39 Then there are the horse races.
07:41 This is a long-distance race across the country,
07:44 between 16 and 27 km, depending on the age of the horse.
07:48 Up to a thousand horses from all over Mongolia can participate in the competition.
07:53 At the bow shooting, participants face each other in teams of 10.
07:57 Each archer wears traditional clothes and has 4 arrows
08:01 that he must drop into a wall of wooden or fabric cylinders.
08:04 If you drop one of these cylinders, you get points.
08:08 The team that gets the most points wins the tournament.
08:11 (gentle music)